Microorganisms are used in the manufacture of many food products and beverages. Which of the following processes occur during the manufacture of wine by microorganism?

Options

A. Respiration
B. Photosynthesis
C. Fermentation
D. Digestion

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Identify the Role of Microorganisms in Wine Production:**
Microorganisms, particularly yeast, play a crucial role in the production of wine. The specific type of yeast used is called Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

2. **Understand the Process Involved:**
The primary process that occurs during the manufacture of wine is fermentation. This is a metabolic process where sugars are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide by microorganisms.

3. **Define Fermentation:**
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration, which means it occurs in the absence of oxygen. During this process, yeast consumes sugars and produces ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide as byproducts.

4. **Differentiate Between Other Processes:**
- **Respiration:** While respiration is a broader term that includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes, fermentation specifically refers to anaerobic respiration.
- **Photosynthesis:** This process involves the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose using sunlight, which is not involved in wine production.
- **Digestion:** This refers to the breakdown of food in organisms, which is not relevant to the fermentation process in wine production.

5. **Conclude with the Correct Answer:**
The correct answer to the question regarding the process that occurs during the manufacture of wine by microorganisms is fermentation.

**Final Answer:** Fermentation

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