The vertebrate brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.' The hindbrain controls

Options

A. the breathing rate
B. the body balance
C. olfaction
D. memory

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Structure of the Brain**: The vertebrate brain is divided into three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Each part has specific functions.

2. **Identifying the Role of the Hindbrain**: The hindbrain is primarily responsible for controlling involuntary functions that are essential for survival. These functions include vital processes that occur without conscious thought.

3. **Functions of the Hindbrain**:
- **Breathing**: The hindbrain regulates the rate and depth of breathing, ensuring that oxygen is supplied to the body and carbon dioxide is expelled.
- **Heart Rate**: It controls the heart rate, managing how fast or slow the heart beats based on the body’s needs.
- **Digestion**: The hindbrain plays a role in the digestive process, helping to coordinate the actions of the digestive organs.

4. **Balance and Coordination**: The cerebellum, which is part of the hindbrain, is specifically responsible for maintaining balance and coordinating voluntary movements.

5. **Conclusion**: In summary, the hindbrain controls several vital involuntary functions, including breathing, heart rate, and digestion. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that the hindbrain controls breathing rate and body balance.