In which of the following substrates, rate of Benzoin substrates, rate of condensation will be maximum ?

Options

A.
B.
C.
D.

Explanation

To determine which substrate will have the maximum rate of benzoin condensation, we need to analyze the effect of substituents on the carbonyl carbon in the context of nucleophilic attack. Here’s a step-by-step solution:

### Step 1: Understand Benzoin Condensation
Benzoin condensation involves the reaction of two molecules of benzaldehyde (or similar carbonyl compounds) in the presence of a nucleophile, typically cyanide ion (CN⁻), to form benzoin. The reaction proceeds through a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon.

### Step 2: Identify the Role of Substituents
The rate of the benzoin condensation is influenced by the electronic nature of substituents on the carbonyl group. Electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) increase the positive character of the carbonyl carbon, making it more susceptible to nucleophilic attack. Conversely, electron-donating groups (EDGs) decrease the positive character, making the carbonyl carbon less reactive.

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