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Aldehydes and ketones are amphoteric. Th...

Aldehydes and ketones are amphoteric. Thus they can act both as acids and bases. Under acidic conditions, the carbon of the protonated canbonyl group is much more electrophilic, reacting even with weak nucleopphilie. Carbonyl compound gives nucleophilic addition reaction. In this reaction the nucleophilic attack proceeds the elecrophilic attack.
Which of the statements are//is correct?

A

The rate determining step of addition reaction is the addition of nucleophile

B

The rate-determining step is addition of electrophile

C

The reaction intermeidate of the reaction is alkoxide ion

D

both (A) and (C )

Text Solution

AI Generated Solution

The correct Answer is:
To determine which statements about aldehydes and ketones are correct, we need to analyze the properties and reactions of these compounds. Let's break down the information provided in the question and the video transcript step by step. ### Step 1: Understanding Amphoteric Nature Aldehydes and ketones are described as amphoteric, meaning they can act as both acids and bases. This is due to the presence of the carbonyl group (C=O), which can participate in protonation (acting as a base) and can also donate a proton (acting as an acid). **Hint:** Remember that amphoteric substances can react with both acids and bases. ### Step 2: Protonation of Carbonyl Group Under acidic conditions, the carbonyl oxygen can be protonated, making the carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. This increased electrophilicity allows the carbon to react with even weak nucleophiles. **Hint:** Consider how protonation affects the electron density around the carbonyl carbon. ### Step 3: Nucleophilic Addition Reaction In nucleophilic addition reactions, the nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbon of the carbonyl group. This process typically occurs before any electrophilic attack can happen. The nucleophile adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming a tetrahedral intermediate. **Hint:** Focus on the order of reactions: nucleophilic attack occurs before electrophilic attack in this context. ### Step 4: Rate Determining Step The video mentions that the nucleophilic attack is the rate-determining step (RDS) of the reaction. This means that the speed of the reaction is primarily determined by how quickly the nucleophile can attack the carbonyl carbon. **Hint:** Identify which step is slower and controls the overall reaction rate. ### Step 5: Reaction Intermediate The intermediate formed after the nucleophilic attack is called an alkoxide. This is a negatively charged species (R-O⁻) formed when the nucleophile adds to the carbonyl carbon. **Hint:** Remember that an alkoxide is formed from the addition of a nucleophile to a carbonyl compound. ### Step 6: Evaluating Statements Now, we can evaluate the statements provided in the question: 1. The rate determining step of the addition reaction is the addition of the nucleophile. (True) 2. The rate determining step is the addition of the electrophile. (False) 3. The reaction intermediate is an alkoxide. (True) Based on this evaluation, the correct statements are A and C. ### Conclusion The correct choice is D, which states that both options A and C are true. **Final Answer:** The correct choice is D (both statements A and C are correct).
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