Amides undergo hydrolysis to yield carboxylic acid plus amine on heating in either aqueous acid or aqueous base. The conditions required for amide hydrolysis are more severe than those required for the hydrolysis of esters, anhydrides or acid chlorides, but the mechanism is similar (nucleophilic acyl substitution). Nucleophilic acyl substitutions involve a tetrahedral intermediate, hence these are quite different from alkyl substitution
`(RCH_(2)Broverset(NaCN)to RCH_(2)CN)`
which involves a pentavalent intermediate or transition state. One of the important reactions of esters is their reaction with two equivalent of Grignard reagent to give tertiary alcohols.
The mechanism involved during the hydrolysis of acid derivatives is:

Options

A. elimination-addition
B. addition-elimination
C. nucleophilic addition elimination
D. electrophilic addition elimination

Answer

To understand the mechanism involved during the hydrolysis of acid derivatives, particularly amides, we can break down the process into several steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Hydrolysis of Amides**:
- Amides can be hydrolyzed to produce carboxylic acids and amines when heated in either aqueous acid or aqueous base. The reaction conditions for amides are more severe than those for esters, anhydrides, or acid chlorides.

2. **Mechanism Overview**:
- The mechanism for the hydrolysis of amides involves nucleophilic acyl substitution, which is similar to the hydrolysis of other acid derivatives. This mechanism typically involves the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate.

3. **Formation of the Tetrahedral Intermediate**:
- When water (acting as a nucleophile) attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the amide, a tetrahedral intermediate is formed. This step involves the breaking of the carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O) and the formation of a new bond between the carbon and the oxygen from water.

4. **Elimination Step**:
- The tetrahedral intermediate then undergoes a rearrangement where a leaving group is expelled. In the case of amides, this can involve the amine group leaving, leading to the formation of a carboxylic acid and an amine.

5. **Final Products**:
- The final products of the hydrolysis of an amide are a carboxylic acid and an amine. This reaction can be summarized as:
\[ RCONH_2 + H_2O \rightarrow RCOOH + NH_3 \]
- This indicates that the amide is converted into a carboxylic acid and ammonia (or an amine, depending on the specific amide used).

### Summary of the Mechanism:
- The hydrolysis of amides involves nucleophilic addition of water to the carbonyl carbon, formation of a tetrahedral intermediate, and subsequent elimination of the amine to yield a carboxylic acid.