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Herbivores and plants appear to be more ...

Herbivores and plants appear to be more adversely affected by competition than carnivores
(B) A species whose distribution is restricted to a small geographical area due to presence of a competitively superior species is called "Competitive Exclusion Principle"

A

Both A & B correct

B

Only A is correct

C

Only B is correct

D

Both A & B incorrect

Text Solution

AI Generated Solution

The correct Answer is:
### Step-by-Step Solution: 1. **Understanding the Statements**: - The first statement claims that herbivores and plants are more adversely affected by competition than carnivores. - The second statement defines a species whose distribution is limited due to the presence of a competitively superior species as the "Competitive Exclusion Principle". 2. **Analyzing the First Statement**: - Herbivores (primary consumers) feed on plants (producers) and are limited in their food choices. They cannot escape competition as they are stationary in their feeding habits. - Plants, being producers, also cannot move away from competition. They are directly affected by herbivores that consume them. - In contrast, carnivores (secondary consumers) have a wider range of food sources and can often switch to alternative prey if one becomes scarce. This makes them less adversely affected by competition. 3. **Conclusion on the First Statement**: - The first statement is **true** because herbivores and plants face more direct competition and limitations compared to carnivores. 4. **Analyzing the Second Statement**: - The Competitive Exclusion Principle states that two species competing for the same resources cannot coexist if one is a superior competitor. The inferior species will be excluded from that niche. - If a competitively superior species is present, the inferior species may be restricted to a smaller geographical area or may not survive at all. - The statement incorrectly defines the principle; it should refer to the exclusion of the inferior species due to the presence of a superior one, not the other way around. 5. **Conclusion on the Second Statement**: - The second statement is **false** because it misrepresents the Competitive Exclusion Principle. 6. **Final Answer**: - The correct answer is that the first statement is true, and the second statement is false. Therefore, option A is correct.
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Which of the following organisms are adversely affected by competition in compare to carnivores generally - Plants, Herbivores, Carnivores, Scavengers, Decomposers

Competitive exclusion principle stating that inferior species is eliminated eventually after prologed competition was given by

Knowledge Check

  • Introduction of alien species into new area poses a threat to extinction of indigenous species due to (a) their high nutrient requirement (b) their symbiotic relationship (c) absence of their natural predators (d) more intraspecific competition.

    A
    their high nutrient requirement
    B
    their symbiotic relationship
    C
    absence of their natural predators
    D
    more intraspecific competition.

  • Competitive exclusion principle stating that inferior species is eliminated eventually after prolonged competition was given by

    A
    Allen
    B
    Pearl-Verhulst
    C
    Gause
    D
    Darwin.

  • The figure below depicts life-histroy strategies for three plant species (a,b and c) along 3 axes : strength of competition with other organisms, level of distrubance in the habitat, and level of environmental stress in the habitat. Species a grows in habitats where competition among species b grown in habitats with and stress are low. Species b grows in habitats with high environmental stress but with low interspecies competition. Species c grows in highly disturbed habitats with low enviornmental stress. Which of the statements below is/are correct ? I. Characteristics of "a-type" plants are faster growth rate and short-lived leaves. II. Desert annual plants are "b-type" species. they have rapid growth and produce large amount of seeds in a short time after rains. III. Most plants belonging to "c-type" species would be herbaceous while "a-type" and "b-types" species are likely to be trees or shrubs.

    A
    Only II
    B
    I and II
    C
    I and III
    D
    II and III

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    The competitive exclusion principle experiment involved species of .........

    Assertion : Elimination of a competitively inferior species in a closely related or otherwise similar group is known as competitive exclusion principle. Reason : If two species compete for the same resource, they could aviod competition by choosing different times for feeding or different foraging patterns.

    Honey bees are hosts to the pathogenic large ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor (Varroa mites). These mites feed on bee hemolymph (blood) and can kill bees directly or by increasing their susceptibility line 5- to secondary infection with fungi, bacteria or viruses. Little is known about the natural defenses that keepthe mite infections under control. Pyrethrums are a group of flowering plants which include Chrysanthemum coccineum, Chrysanthemum line 10- cinerariifolium, Chrysanthemum marschalli, and related species. These plants produce potent insecticides with anti-mite activity. The naturally occurring insecticides are known as pyrethrums. A synonym for the naturally occurring pyrethrums is line 15- pyrethrin and synthetic analogues of pyrethrums are known as pyrethroids. In fact, the human mite infestation known as scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) is treated with a topical pyrethrum cream. We suspect that the bees of commercial bee line 20- colonies which are fed mono-crops are nutritionally deficient. In particular, we postulate that the problem is a diet deficient in anti-mite toxins: pyrethrums, and possibly other nutrients which are inherent in such plants. without, at least, intermittent feeding on line 25- the pyrethrum producing plants, bee colonies are susceptible to mite infestations which can become fatal either directly or due to a secondary infection of immunocompromised or nutritionally deficient bees. This secondary infection can be viral, bacterial or line 30- fungal and may be due to one or more pathogens. In addition, immunocompromised or nutritionally deficient bees may be further weakened when commercially produced insecticides are introduced into their hives by bee keepers in an effort to fight line 35- mite infestation. We further postulate that the proper dosage necessary to prevent mite infestation may be better left to the bees, who may seek out or avoid pyrethrum containing plants depending on the amount necessary to defend against mites and the line 40- amount already consumed by the bees, which in higher doses could be potentially toxic to them. This hypothesis can best be tested by a trial wherein a small number of commercial honey bee colonies are offered a number of pyrethrum line 45- producing plants, as well as a typical bee food source such as clover, while controls are offered only the clover. Mites could then be introduced to each hive with note made as to the choice of the bees, and the effects of the mite parasites on the experimental line 50 - colonies versus control colonies. It might be beneficial to test wild-type honey bee colonies in this manner as well, in case there could be some genetic difference between them that affects the bees’ preferences for pyrethrum producing flowers. How do the words “can,” "may,” and “could” in the hird paragraph (lines 19-41) help establish the tone of the paragraph?

    Honey bees are hosts to the pathogenic large ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor (Varroa mites). These mites feed on bee hemolymph (blood) and can kill bees directly or by increasing their susceptibility line 5- to secondary infection with fungi, bacteria or viruses. Little is known about the natural defenses that keepthe mite infections under control. Pyrethrums are a group of flowering plants which include Chrysanthemum coccineum, Chrysanthemum line 10- cinerariifolium, Chrysanthemum marschalli, and related species. These plants produce potent insecticides with anti-mite activity. The naturally occurring insecticides are known as pyrethrums. A synonym for the naturally occurring pyrethrums is line 15- pyrethrin and synthetic analogues of pyrethrums are known as pyrethroids. In fact, the human mite infestation known as scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei) is treated with a topical pyrethrum cream. We suspect that the bees of commercial bee line 20- colonies which are fed mono-crops are nutritionally deficient. In particular, we postulate that the problem is a diet deficient in anti-mite toxins: pyrethrums, and possibly other nutrients which are inherent in such plants. without, at least, intermittent feeding on line 25- the pyrethrum producing plants, bee colonies are susceptible to mite infestations which can become fatal either directly or due to a secondary infection of immunocompromised or nutritionally deficient bees. This secondary infection can be viral, bacterial or line 30- fungal and may be due to one or more pathogens. In addition, immunocompromised or nutritionally deficient bees may be further weakened when commercially produced insecticides are introduced into their hives by bee keepers in an effort to fight line 35- mite infestation. We further postulate that the proper dosage necessary to prevent mite infestation may be better left to the bees, who may seek out or avoid pyrethrum containing plants depending on the amount necessary to defend against mites and the line 40- amount already consumed by the bees, which in higher doses could be potentially toxic to them. This hypothesis can best be tested by a trial wherein a small number of commercial honey bee colonies are offered a number of pyrethrum line 45- producing plants, as well as a typical bee food source such as clover, while controls are offered only the clover. Mites could then be introduced to each hive with note made as to the choice of the bees, and the effects of the mite parasites on the experimental line 50 - colonies versus control colonies. It might be beneficial to test wild-type honey bee colonies in this manner as well, in case there could be some genetic difference between them that affects the bees’ preferences for pyrethrum producing flowers. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

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