Structures for disperal of spores in bryophyta are :-

Options

A. Elaters
B. Pseudoelaters
C. Peristomial teeth
D. All the abvoe

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Bryophyta**: Bryophyta, commonly known as mosses and liverworts, are non-vascular plants that reproduce via spores instead of seeds.

2. **Identifying Structures for Spore Dispersal**: The question asks for the structures responsible for the dispersal of spores in Bryophyta. We need to analyze each option provided.

3. **Option A - Elaters**:
- Elaters are specialized cells found in some bryophytes.
- They help in the dispersal of spores by responding to humidity changes, causing them to twist and aid in the release of spores.
- Therefore, elaters are indeed involved in spore dispersal.

4. **Option B - Pseudoelaters**:
- Pseudoelaters are single-celled structures found in some bryophytes.
- They surround the spores and assist in their movement and dispersal in the environment.
- Thus, pseudoelaters also play a role in spore dispersal.

5. **Option C - Peristomial Teeth**:
- Peristomial teeth are structures found in the capsule of mosses.
- They regulate the release of spores by allowing them to be released gradually rather than all at once.
- Hence, peristomial teeth are also involved in spore dispersal.

6. **Conclusion**: Since all three structures (elaters, pseudoelaters, and peristomial teeth) are responsible for the dispersal of spores in Bryophyta, the correct answer is **Option D - All of the above**.

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