Explain the basis on which the gel electrophoresis technique works. Write any two ways the products obtained through this technique can be utilized.

Carefully observed the following figure (a) Name the technique shown in the figure and the scientist who demonstrated this technique for the first time. (b) Name atleast three plants for which this technique can be employed for their commercial production. (c) What is the significance of aerating tube and feeding funnel in this setup ?

State the principle of 'gel electrophoresis' and mention two applications of this technique of biotechnology

Through which technique more female plants can be proudced in Papaya

Give two different ways by which the product can be separated from the reactants.

Write any two types of organism which can act as pathogens

State any two ways by which food can be preserved.

Study the following statements regarding recombinant DNA technology and select the incorrect ones. (i) Taq polymerase extends the primers using the nucleotides provided in the reaction. (ii) Antibiotic resistance genes are considered as desirable genes in recombinant DNA technology. (iii) DNA fragments are separated according to their charge only, in agarose gel electrophoresis. (iv) Transformation is a procedure through which a piece of DNA is integrated in to the genome of a host bacterium. (v) To produce higher yields of a desired protein, host cells can be multiplied in a continuous culture. (vi) Downstream processing is one of the steps of polymerase chain reaction.

Assertion: The DNA fragments can be separated by a technique known as Gel electrophorosis Reason :The fragments separates according to their shape through the sieving effect provided by agarose gel

Mention the major cause of air pollution in metro cities. Write any three ways by which it can be reduced.

What is meant by Vapour phase refining? Write any one example of the process which illustrates this technique, giving the chemical equations involved.