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Select the terms which are related to lo...

Select the terms which are related to loss of biodiversity and considered under evil quartet -
Co-extinction, proto-cooperation, over exploitation, predation, endemism, alien-species, invasion, habitat loss and fragmentation.

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To solve the question regarding the terms related to loss of biodiversity and considered under the "evil quartet," we will analyze each term provided in the question step by step. ### Step-by-Step Solution: 1. **Co-extinction**: - Co-extinction refers to the phenomenon where the extinction of one species leads to the extinction of another species that is dependent on it. This is a direct cause of loss of biodiversity. - **Conclusion**: Co-extinction is related to loss of biodiversity and is part of the evil quartet. 2. **Proto-cooperation**: - Proto-cooperation is a type of symbiotic relationship where both species benefit, but it is not essential for their survival. This does not lead to loss of biodiversity. - **Conclusion**: Proto-cooperation is not related to loss of biodiversity and is not part of the evil quartet. 3. **Over-exploitation**: - Over-exploitation occurs when species are harvested at a rate faster than they can reproduce, leading to population decline and potential extinction. This is a significant factor in the loss of biodiversity. - **Conclusion**: Over-exploitation is related to loss of biodiversity and is part of the evil quartet. 4. **Predation**: - Predation is a natural process where one organism feeds on another. It is a normal part of ecosystems and does not inherently lead to loss of biodiversity. - **Conclusion**: Predation is not related to loss of biodiversity and is not part of the evil quartet. 5. **Endemism**: - Endemism refers to species that are native to a specific geographical area and are not found elsewhere. While it indicates a unique biodiversity, it does not directly cause loss of biodiversity. - **Conclusion**: Endemism is not related to loss of biodiversity and is not part of the evil quartet. 6. **Alien species invasion**: - Alien species invasion occurs when non-native species are introduced to an ecosystem, often disrupting local species and leading to declines in native biodiversity. This is a significant concern for biodiversity loss. - **Conclusion**: Alien species invasion is related to loss of biodiversity and is part of the evil quartet. 7. **Habitat loss and fragmentation**: - Habitat loss and fragmentation result from human activities such as deforestation and urban development, leading to the destruction of ecosystems and the decline of species. This is a major driver of biodiversity loss. - **Conclusion**: Habitat loss and fragmentation are related to loss of biodiversity and are part of the evil quartet. ### Final Selection: The terms related to loss of biodiversity and considered under the evil quartet are: - Co-extinction - Over-exploitation - Alien species invasion - Habitat loss and fragmentation
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