Which of the following property gradually increase from C to F ?

Options

A. I. P
B. EA
C. Shielding Constant
D. All of these

Answer

To determine which property gradually increases from carbon (C) to fluorine (F), we will analyze the properties listed: ionization potential, electron affinity, shielding constant, and all of these.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Elements**:
- Carbon (C) has the atomic number 6 and its electron configuration is \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^2\).
- Fluorine (F) has the atomic number 9 and its electron configuration is \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^5\).

2. **Identifying the Shells**:
- Both carbon and fluorine have their outermost electrons in the same shell (the 2nd shell, specifically in the 2p subshell).

3. **Analyzing Ionization Potential**:
- Ionization potential (or ionization energy) is the energy required to remove an electron from the outer shell.
- As we move from carbon to fluorine, the number of protons increases (from 6 to 9), resulting in a stronger electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and the outer electrons.
- Therefore, the ionization potential increases from carbon to fluorine.

4. **Analyzing Electron Affinity**:
- Electron affinity is the energy change when an electron is added to a neutral atom.
- Fluorine, having a higher nuclear charge (more protons), has a greater tendency to attract an additional electron compared to carbon.
- Thus, the electron affinity also increases from carbon to fluorine.

5. **Analyzing Shielding Constant**:
- The shielding constant refers to the extent to which inner electrons shield the outer electrons from the nuclear charge.
- As we move from carbon to fluorine, the number of inner electrons remains the same (2 for the 1s shell), but the outer shell experiences a greater effective nuclear charge due to the increase in protons.
- Therefore, the shielding constant also increases from carbon to fluorine.

6. **Conclusion**:
- Since all three properties (ionization potential, electron affinity, and shielding constant) increase from carbon to fluorine, the correct answer is **D) All of these**.