Vertebrates have
(a) ventral muscular heart
(b) bony / cartilaginous vertebral column
(c) radula for feeding
(d) paired appendages

Options

A. a, b
B. c, d
C. d
D. a, b, d

Answer

To solve the question regarding the characteristics of vertebrates, we will analyze each option step by step.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Vertebrates**:
- Vertebrates are organisms that possess an internal backbone or vertebral column. This is a key characteristic that distinguishes them from invertebrates, which lack a spine.

2. **Analyzing Option A: Ventral Muscular Heart**:
- Vertebrates typically have a ventral muscular heart. This heart can have 2, 3, or 4 chambers, depending on the species. Therefore, this option is **correct**.

3. **Analyzing Option B: Bony/Cartilaginous Vertebral Column**:
- All vertebrates possess a vertebral column, which can be made of bone or cartilage. This is a defining feature of vertebrates. Thus, this option is also **correct**.

4. **Analyzing Option C: Radula for Feeding**:
- The radula is a feeding structure found in mollusks, not vertebrates. Vertebrates do not possess a radula. Therefore, this option is **incorrect**.

5. **Analyzing Option D: Paired Appendages**:
- Most vertebrates have paired appendages (like limbs) that are used for locomotion. This is a characteristic feature of vertebrates. Hence, this option is **correct**.

### Conclusion:
Based on the analysis:
- Options A, B, and D are correct.
- Option C is incorrect.

Thus, the correct answer to the question is that vertebrates have:
- (a) ventral muscular heart
- (b) bony/cartilaginous vertebral column
- (d) paired appendages

### Final Answer:
The correct options are A, B, and D.

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