How the no. of electron and no. of holes are related in intrinsic conductor ?

Answer

To understand the relationship between the number of electrons and the number of holes in an intrinsic conductor, we can break down the explanation into several steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Definition of Intrinsic Conductors**:
- An intrinsic conductor is a pure semiconductor material that does not contain any impurities. Common examples include silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge).

2. **Energy Bands**:
- In semiconductors, there are two important energy bands: the valence band and the conduction band. The valence band is filled with electrons, while the conduction band is where electrons can move freely and contribute to electrical conduction.

3. **Energy Band Gap**:
- There exists a small energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band. This gap is crucial for the movement of electrons.

4. **Excitation of Electrons**:
- When energy (such as heat or light) is provided to the intrinsic semiconductor, some electrons in the valence band gain enough energy to jump across the energy gap into the conduction band.

5. **Creation of Holes**:
- When an electron jumps from the valence band to the conduction band, it leaves behind an empty state in the valence band, which is referred to as a "hole."

6. **Relationship Between Electrons and Holes**:
- For every electron that moves from the valence band to the conduction band, one hole is created in the valence band. Therefore, the number of electrons in the conduction band is equal to the number of holes in the valence band.

7. **Conclusion**:
- In an intrinsic semiconductor, the number of free electrons (n) is equal to the number of holes (p). Mathematically, this can be expressed as:
\[ n = p \]

### Final Answer:
In an intrinsic conductor, the number of electrons is equal to the number of holes.

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