Explain in detail about the cohesion tension theory proposed by Dixon and Jolly (1894).

Explanation

(i)Strong cohesive force or tensile strength of water:Water molecules have strong mutual force of attraction called cohesive force due to which they cannot be easily separated from one another.Further ,the attraction between a water molecule and the wall of the xylem element is called adhesion.These cohesive and adhesive force works together to from an unbroken continuous water column in the xylem.The magnitude of the cohesive force is much high(350 atm)and is more than enough to ascent sap in the tallest trees.
(ii)Continuity of the water column in the plant:An important factor which can break the water column is the intriduction of air bubbles in the xylem. Gas bubbles expanding and displacing cavitation or embolism.However,the overall continuity of the water column ramains undisturbed since water diffuses into the adjacent xylem elemetns for continuing ascent of sap.
(iii)Transpiration pull or Tension in the unbroken water column:The unbroken water column from leaf to root is just like a rope.If the rope is pulled from the top,the entire rope will move upward.In plants ,such a pull is generated by the process of transpiration which is known as transpiration pull.Water vapour evaporates from mesophyll cells to the intercellular spaces near stomata as a result of active transpiration.The water vapours are the transpired through the stomatal pores.LOss of water from mesopyll cells causes a decrease in water potential .So ,water potentail gradient .This tension,generated at the top (leaf) of the unbroken water column,is transmitted downwards from petiole,stem and finally reaches the roots.The cohesion theory is the most accpeted among the plant phyiologits today.