The gradual and predictable change in the species composiiton of a given area is called ecologial succession. What do you understand with the pioneer and climax community in this context?

What do you understand by the term identify? Define species.

What is meant by ecological succession? Explain how it occurs ? What properties distinguish a pioneer community from a climax community?

Name the pioneer species on a bare rock. How do they help in establishing the next type of vegetation. Mention the types of climax community that will ultimately get established.

What do you call the area of a human ovum from where the sperm makes the entry ?

Name the pioneer and the climax species in a water body. Mention the changes observed in the biomass and biodiversity of the successive seral communities developing in the water body.

What will be the P/R ratio of a climax community and a pioneer community? What explanation could you offer for the changes seen in P/R ration of a pioneer community and the climax community?

What is the area of the plates of a 2 F parallel plate capacitor, given that the separation between the plates is 0.5 cm? [You will realise from your answer why ordinary capacitors are in the range of muF or less. However, electrolytic capacitors do have a much larger capacitance (0.1 F) because of very minute separation between the conductors.)

What do you understand by isoelectronic species ? Name the , species isoelectronic with each of the following. i) F^(-1) ii) Ar iii) Mg^(2+) iv) Rb^(+)