How tapetal cell in microsporangium can become binucleate?

A bilobed, dithecous anther has 100 microscopes mother cells per microsporangium. How many male gamepophytes this anther can produce?

Given below is an enlarged view of one microsporangium of a mature anther. Mention the charcteristics and function of the cells forming wall layer 'c'.

Given below is an enlarged view of one microsporangium of a mature anther. Mention the characteristics and functions of the cells forming wall layer c .

When a cell is plasmolysed,it becomes,

How B- cells respond to antigens?