Kirchhoff's laws are valid for ________.

Options

A. only passive circuits
B. only linear circuits
C. only non-linear circuits
D. both (B) and (C ).

Explanation

To solve the question "Kirchhoff's laws are valid for ________," we need to analyze the options given and understand the nature of Kirchhoff's laws.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Kirchhoff's Laws**:
- Kirchhoff's laws consist of two main principles:
- **Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)**: This law states that the total current entering a junction (or node) must equal the total current leaving the junction. This is based on the principle of conservation of charge.
- **Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)**: This law states that the sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage) around any closed circuit is zero. This is based on the principle of conservation of energy.

2. **Analyzing the Options**:
- The options provided are:
- A) Only passive circuits
- B) Only linear circuits
- C) Only non-linear circuits
- D) Both B and C (meaning both linear and non-linear circuits)

3. **Evaluating Each Option**:
- **Option A (Only passive circuits)**: This is incorrect because Kirchhoff's laws apply to all types of circuits, not just passive ones.
- **Option B (Only linear circuits)**: This is also incorrect because Kirchhoff's laws are valid for both linear and non-linear circuits.
- **Option C (Only non-linear circuits)**: This is incorrect for the same reason as above; Kirchhoff's laws are not limited to non-linear circuits.
- **Option D (Both B and C)**: This is the correct option because Kirchhoff's laws are universal and apply to both linear and non-linear circuits.

4. **Conclusion**:
- Therefore, the correct answer to the question is: **Both B and C**.

### Final Answer:
**Kirchhoff's laws are valid for both linear and non-linear circuits.**

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