Consider the following statements Hard water does not give lather with soap because hard water contains
(1) calcium bicarbonate
(2) magnesium bicarbonate
(3) chlorides of calcium
(4) sulphates of calcium and magnesium
Which of these statements are correct ?

Options

A. 1 and 2
B. 3 and 4
C. 1,2 and 3
D. all of these

Answer

To determine which statements are correct regarding why hard water does not give lather with soap, we need to analyze each option provided in the question.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Hard Water**:
- Hard water is defined as water that contains high concentrations of dissolved minerals, primarily calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions.

2. **Why Hard Water Does Not Lather with Soap**:
- Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of fatty acids. When soap is added to water, it forms micelles that trap dirt and grease, allowing them to be washed away.
- In hard water, the calcium and magnesium ions react with the soap to form insoluble precipitates (soap scum), which prevents the soap from forming lather.

3. **Analyzing Each Statement**:
- **(1) Calcium Bicarbonate**: Calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO₃)₂) is a salt that contributes to water hardness. It can react with soap to form precipitates.
- **(2) Magnesium Bicarbonate**: Magnesium bicarbonate (Mg(HCO₃)₂) is also a salt that contributes to hardness and can similarly react with soap.
- **(3) Chlorides of Calcium**: Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) is a soluble salt that contributes to hardness and can react with soap.
- **(4) Sulfates of Calcium and Magnesium**: Calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) are also soluble salts that contribute to hardness and can react with soap.

4. **Conclusion**:
- All the mentioned compounds (calcium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, chlorides of calcium, and sulfates of calcium and magnesium) contribute to the hardness of water and prevent soap from lathering.
- Therefore, all statements are correct.

### Final Answer:
All of the statements (1, 2, 3, and 4) are correct.

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