Which of the following features are considered to be the primitive features in the evolutionary hierarchy?
(i) Internal fertilization
(ii) Coelom developed from mesoderm
(iii) Presence of mesoderm layer
(iv) Hermaphrodite nature.

Options

A. (i) and (iv)
B. (ii) and (iv)
C. (i) and (iii)
D. (iii) and (iv)

Answer

To determine which features are considered primitive in the evolutionary hierarchy, we need to analyze each of the given options:

1. **Internal Fertilization**: This is a reproductive strategy where fertilization occurs inside the female's body. It is not considered a primitive feature because early organisms primarily reproduced through external fertilization or asexual reproduction. Thus, this feature is more advanced.

2. **Coelom Developed from Mesoderm**: A coelom is a body cavity that is found in higher organisms. The development of a coelom from the mesoderm is not considered primitive because it is characteristic of more complex organisms. Therefore, this feature is also not primitive.

3. **Presence of Mesoderm Layer**: The mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the early embryo. The presence of a mesoderm layer is considered a primitive feature because it is found in simpler organisms, and it represents an important step in the evolution of more complex body plans.

4. **Hermaphrodite Nature**: Hermaphroditism refers to organisms that possess both male and female reproductive structures. This feature is also considered primitive because it allows for greater reproductive flexibility and is seen in many simpler organisms, such as certain worms.

Based on this analysis, the primitive features among the options provided are:

- **(iii) Presence of mesoderm layer**
- **(iv) Hermaphrodite nature**

Thus, the correct answer is options **3 and 4**.