On which of the following factors does internal energy depend upon

Options

A. Mass of the system
B. Temperature of the system
C. Nature of the system
D. All the above

Answer

To determine the factors on which internal energy depends, we can analyze the key components that influence it. Internal energy is a state function and is affected by several factors. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown:

### Step 1: Understand Internal Energy
Internal energy (U) is the total energy contained within a system. It includes kinetic and potential energy at the molecular level.

**Hint:** Remember that internal energy is a state function, meaning it depends only on the state of the system, not on how it got there.

### Step 2: Identify the Factors
1. **Temperature**: Internal energy is directly related to the temperature of the system. As temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, leading to higher internal energy.

**Hint:** Think about how heating a substance affects its molecular motion.

2. **Volume**: For gases, the volume can influence internal energy. When a gas expands, the internal energy can change due to work done by or on the system.

**Hint:** Consider how compressing or expanding a gas affects its energy.

3. **Nature of the Substance**: Different substances have different internal energy values due to their molecular structure, bonding, and interactions. For example, gases have higher internal energy compared to solids at the same temperature.

**Hint:** Reflect on how different materials (like metals vs. gases) store energy differently.

4. **Amount of Substance (Mass)**: The internal energy is also dependent on the amount of substance present. More mass means more molecules, which contributes to a greater total internal energy.

**Hint:** Think about how doubling the amount of a substance would affect its energy.

### Step 3: Conclusion
Based on the analysis, internal energy depends on:
- Temperature
- Volume
- Nature of the substance
- Amount of substance (mass)

Thus, the correct answer is that internal energy depends on all of the above factors.

**Final Answer:** Internal energy depends on temperature, volume, nature of the substance, and amount of substance.