The core techniques that enabled birth of modern biotechnology are

Options

A. Genetic engineering
B. Tissue culture
C. No participation of living organisms
D. Both (1) and (2)

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Question**: The question asks for the core techniques that enabled the birth of modern biotechnology.

2. **Analyzing the Options**: The options provided are:
- Genetic engineering
- Tissue culture
- No participation of living organisms
- Both one and two (Genetic engineering and Tissue culture)

3. **Eliminating Incorrect Options**:
- The third option, "No participation of living organisms," can be eliminated because modern biotechnology relies on the manipulation of living organisms, whether they are plants, animals, or microorganisms.

4. **Exploring Genetic Engineering**:
- Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of an organism's genetic material (DNA or RNA).
- It includes techniques such as recombinant DNA technology, where specific genes can be inserted into a host organism to express desired traits.

5. **Exploring Tissue Culture**:
- Tissue culture is a technique used to grow cells or tissues in a controlled environment, typically using a nutrient medium (like agar).
- This method allows for the cultivation of plant tissues, which can lead to the regeneration of whole plants from small tissue samples.

6. **Conclusion**:
- Both genetic engineering and tissue culture are essential techniques that have contributed significantly to the development of modern biotechnology.
- Therefore, the correct answer is option "Both one and two."

### Final Answer:
The core techniques that enabled the birth of modern biotechnology are **both genetic engineering and tissue culture**.

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