All tracheophytes except pteridophytes reproduce by

Options

A. sori
B. seeds
C. spores
D. zygospores

Answer

To answer the question "All tracheophytes except pteridophytes reproduce by," we can follow these steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understand the term "tracheophytes":**
- Tracheophytes are vascular plants that have specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) for the transport of water, nutrients, and food.

2. **Identify the types of reproduction:**
- Tracheophytes can reproduce through two main methods: asexual reproduction (using spores) and sexual reproduction (using seeds).

3. **Differentiate between pteridophytes and other tracheophytes:**
- Pteridophytes, which include ferns, reproduce primarily through spores. However, the question specifies "all tracheophytes except pteridophytes," which means we are looking at other groups of tracheophytes.

4. **Recognize the reproductive structures:**
- Other tracheophytes, such as gymnosperms and angiosperms, reproduce using seeds. Gymnosperms produce seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary, while angiosperms produce seeds that are enclosed within a fruit.

5. **Conclude the answer:**
- Since the question asks about all tracheophytes except pteridophytes, the correct answer is that they reproduce by seeds.

### Final Answer:
All tracheophytes except pteridophytes reproduce by **seeds**.

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