Identify the examples of fungal ectotrophic mycorrhizae is/are

Options

A. Boletus
B. Amanita
C. Scleroderma
D. All

Answer

To identify examples of fungal ectotrophic mycorrhizae, we can follow these steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understand the Concept of Ectotrophic Mycorrhizae**:
- Ectotrophic mycorrhizae are a type of mycorrhizal association where fungi form a sheath around the roots of plants. This association helps in nutrient absorption, particularly phosphorus, and enhances the plant's resistance to pathogens.

2. **Identify the Characteristics of Ectotrophic Mycorrhizae**:
- These mycorrhizae typically form a dense layer around the root surface and may penetrate between the root cells but do not invade the cells themselves. They are often found in temperate and boreal forests.

3. **Review the Given Options**:
- The options provided are:
a) Boletus
b) Manita
c) Scleroderma

4. **Analyze Each Option**:
- **Boletus**: This is a genus of mushroom-producing fungi, and many species within this genus are known to form ectomycorrhizal associations with trees.
- **Manita**: This refers to a genus of mushrooms in the family Amanitaceae, and it is also known to form ectomycorrhizal relationships.
- **Scleroderma**: Commonly known as earth balls, this genus also forms ectomycorrhizal associations and is known for its distinctive appearance.

5. **Conclusion**:
- All three options (Boletus, Manita, and Scleroderma) are examples of fungal ectotrophic mycorrhizae. Therefore, the correct answer is that all the options provided are examples.

### Final Answer:
- All of the options (a. Boletus, b. Manita, c. Scleroderma) are examples of fungal ectotrophic mycorrhizae.

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