VAM is characterized by

Options

A. intracellular vesicles
B. intracellular arbuscules
C. both (1) and (2)
D. Associative symbiosis

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding VAM**: VAM stands for Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae. It is a type of mycorrhizal association between fungi and plant roots.

2. **Identifying Characteristics**: VAM is characterized by the presence of vesicles and arbuscules. Vesicles are bladder-like structures that store nutrients, while arbuscules are branched structures that facilitate nutrient exchange between the fungus and the plant.

3. **Fungal Classification**: VAM fungi belong to the phylum Glomeromycota. They are also referred to as endomycorrhizal fungi because they penetrate the root cells of the host plant.

4. **Function in Plants**: VAM fungi enhance the plant's ability to absorb water and essential nutrients, particularly nitrates and phosphates, from the soil. This symbiotic relationship is beneficial for both the fungus and the plant.

5. **Evaluating Options**:
- **Option A**: Intracellular vesicle - This is correct as VAM contains vesicles.
- **Option B**: Intracellular arbuscules - This is also correct as VAM contains arbuscules.
- **Option C**: Both 1 and 2 - This is correct since VAM is characterized by both vesicles and arbuscules.
- **Option D**: Associative symbiosis - While VAM is a type of symbiosis, this option does not specifically address the characteristics of VAM.

6. **Conclusion**: The correct answer is **Option C**: both intracellular vesicles and intracellular arbuscules.