Chromosomal disorders are caused due to

Options

A. Absensce of one or more chromosomes
B. Excess of one or more chromosomes
C. Abnormal arrangement of chromosomes
D. Any of these

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Chromosomal Disorders**:
- Chromosomal disorders are syndromes characterized by malfunctions or malformations in body systems due to abnormal chromosome numbers or structures.

2. **Identifying Causes of Chromosomal Disorders**:
- Chromosomal disorders can arise from:
- **Absence of one or more chromosomes**: This can lead to conditions like Turner’s syndrome, where a female has only one X chromosome instead of two.
- **Excess of one or more chromosomes**: This can be seen in Klinefelter syndrome, where a male has an extra X chromosome (XXY).
- **Abnormal rearrangement of chromosomes**: This includes mutations, translocations, deletions, or inversions that alter the normal structure of chromosomes.

3. **Evaluating the Options**:
- **Option 1**: Absence of one or more chromosomes – True, as seen in Turner’s syndrome.
- **Option 2**: Excess of one or more chromosomes – True, as seen in Klinefelter syndrome.
- **Option 3**: Abnormal rearrangement of chromosomes – True, as various mutations can cause chromosomal disorders.
- **Option 4**: Any of these – Since all the previous options are valid causes of chromosomal disorders, this option is correct.

4. **Conclusion**:
- The correct answer is **Option 4: Any of these**. Chromosomal disorders can be caused by the absence, excess, or abnormal rearrangement of chromosomes.