Whittaker's five kingdom classification do not include

Options

A. Viruses
B. Viroids and prions
C. Lichens
D. All the above

Answer

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Whittaker's Classification**: Whittaker's five kingdom classification system categorizes living organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. This classification is based on various criteria such as cell structure, body organization, mode of nutrition, mode of reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships.

2. **Identifying the Exclusions**: The question asks what is not included in Whittaker's classification. We need to analyze the options provided:
- **Viruses**: These are non-cellular entities and do not fit into any of the five kingdoms.
- **Viroids**: Similar to viruses, viroids are also non-cellular and are not classified within the five kingdoms.
- **Prions**: These are infectious proteins and, like viruses and viroids, are non-cellular and not included in the classification.
- **Lichens**: While lichens are complex organisms formed from a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae, they are classified under Fungi and Protista, respectively.

3. **Evaluating the Options**: The options given are:
- Viruses
- Viroids and prions
- Lichens
- All the above

Since viruses, viroids, and prions are all non-cellular and not included in Whittaker's classification, and lichens are not classified as a separate kingdom but rather as a combination of fungi and algae, we can conclude that the correct answer is "All the above."

4. **Final Answer**: Therefore, the answer to the question "Whittaker's five kingdom classification do not include" is **All the above**.