Sexual cycle in fungi involves

Options

A. Plasmogamy
B. Karyogamy
C. Meiosis
D. All the above

Answer

To answer the question "Sexual cycle in fungi involves", we can break down the process into three main steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Plasmogamy**:
- The first step in the sexual cycle of fungi is plasmogamy. This is the process where the protoplasm (the living part of the cell) of two compatible mating types (genetes) fuses together. This can occur between motile or non-motile cells.
- **Hint**: Remember that plasmogamy is about the fusion of cell contents, not the nuclei.

2. **Karyogamy**:
- The second step is karyogamy. In this stage, the nuclei of the two fused cells (from the plasmogamy step) come together and fuse. This results in the formation of a diploid nucleus.
- **Hint**: Karyogamy is specifically about the fusion of nuclei, so think of it as the "nuclear marriage."

3. **Meiosis**:
- The final step is meiosis. After karyogamy, the diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis, which leads to the formation of haploid spores. These spores can then germinate and develop into new fungal organisms.
- **Hint**: Meiosis reduces the chromosome number, producing spores that are crucial for reproduction.

### Conclusion:
The sexual cycle in fungi involves all three processes: plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above."