Various steps in decomposition are

Options

A. Fragmentation
B. Leaching and catabolism
C. Humification and mineralization
D. All the above

Answer

To understand the various steps in decomposition, we can break it down into five main stages:

1. **Fragmentation**: This is the initial step where larger organic matter, such as dead plants and animals, is broken down into smaller pieces. This process is often facilitated by detritivores like earthworms and insects, which help in physically breaking down the material.

2. **Leaching**: In this step, water-soluble substances are washed away from the decomposing organic matter. Rainwater or moisture in the soil can dissolve nutrients and minerals, which then move into the soil or water, making them available for plants.

3. **Catabolism**: This is the process where the smaller organic molecules from fragmentation are further broken down by microorganisms, primarily bacteria and fungi. During catabolism, complex organic compounds are converted into simpler compounds, releasing energy in the process.

4. **Humification**: In this step, the organic matter that remains after catabolism is transformed into humus, a stable form of organic matter. Humus enriches the soil, improves its structure, and enhances its ability to retain moisture and nutrients.

5. **Mineralization**: This is the final step where the humus and other organic materials are broken down into inorganic substances. This process releases essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium back into the soil, making them available for plant uptake.

In summary, the various steps in decomposition are:
- Fragmentation
- Leaching
- Catabolism
- Humification
- Mineralization

**Final Answer**: The various steps in decomposition are fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification, and mineralization.

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