The Primary succession is formation of communities on a

Options

A. Newly exposed habitat with no record of earlier vegetation
B. Pond freshly filled with water after a dry phase
C. Forest clearing after devastating fire
D. Freshly cleared crop field

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Ecological Succession**: Begin by defining ecological succession. It is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.

2. **Types of Succession**: There are two main types of ecological succession:
- **Primary Succession**: This occurs in lifeless areas where no soil exists and there has been no previous vegetation. It starts from bare rock or newly exposed surfaces.
- **Secondary Succession**: This occurs in areas where a disturbance has destroyed an existing community but soil and some organisms still remain.

3. **Identifying Primary Succession**: The question asks about primary succession, which is characterized by the formation of communities on newly exposed habitats with no record of earlier vegetation.

4. **Analyzing the Options**:
- **Option A**: Newly exposed habitat with no record of earlier vegetation. This is a correct example of primary succession.
- **Option B**: Ponds freshly filled with water after a dry phase. This represents secondary succession, as the pond existed before but was temporarily dry.
- **Option C**: Forest clearing after a devastating fire. This is also an example of secondary succession, as the forest existed prior to the fire.
- **Option D**: Freshly cleared crop field. This is another case of secondary succession, as the field was previously cultivated.

5. **Conclusion**: Based on the analysis, the correct answer to the question is **Option A**: "newly exposed habitat with no record of earlier vegetation" as it is the only option that describes primary succession.

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