Ground tissues includes

Options

A. All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles
B. Epidermis and cortex
C. All tissues internal to epidermis
D. only vascular tissues

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Ground Tissues**: Ground tissues in plants are a type of tissue that primarily serves functions such as photosynthesis, storage, and support. They are not involved in the protective or transport functions that are characteristic of dermal and vascular tissues.

2. **Identifying the Types of Tissues**: Ground tissues include all tissues that are not classified as dermal (epidermis) or vascular (xylem and phloem). This means that ground tissues encompass a variety of cell types that contribute to the plant's overall function.

3. **Types of Ground Tissues**: Ground tissues can be categorized into three main types based on the nature of their cell walls:
- **Parenchyma**: These cells have thin primary walls and remain alive when mature. They are involved in storage and photosynthesis.
- **Collenchyma**: These cells have unevenly thickened primary walls and provide support, especially in areas of new growth.
- **Sclerenchyma**: These cells have thick secondary walls and are usually dead at maturity. They provide structural support to the plant.

4. **Analyzing the Options**: Now, let’s evaluate the given options:
- **Option 1**: All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles - This aligns with our understanding of ground tissues.
- **Option 2**: Epidermis and cortex - This is incorrect as epidermis is a dermal tissue.
- **Option 3**: All tissues internal to epidermis - This is partially correct but does not specify the exclusion of vascular tissues.
- **Option 4**: Only vascular tissues - This is incorrect as vascular tissues are not part of ground tissues.

5. **Conclusion**: Based on the definitions and classifications, the correct answer is **Option 1**: All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles.