Habitat loss and fragmentation, over-exploitation, alien species invasion and co-extinction are causes for

Options

A. Biodiversity loss
B. Migration Pollution
C. Alien species extinction
D. Ecological succession

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Identify the Causes of Biodiversity Loss**: The question asks about the causes of biodiversity loss. The four mentioned causes are habitat loss and fragmentation, over-exploitation, alien species invasion, and co-extinction.

2. **Define Each Cause**:
- **Habitat Loss and Fragmentation**: This occurs when natural habitats are destroyed or divided into smaller, isolated patches, making it difficult for species to survive and reproduce.
- **Over-Exploitation**: This refers to the excessive use of species for various purposes, such as hunting, fishing, and harvesting, leading to population declines.
- **Alien Species Invasion**: This happens when non-native species are introduced to an ecosystem, often outcompeting native species for resources and disrupting local ecosystems.
- **Co-extinction**: This is the phenomenon where the extinction of one species leads to the extinction of another species that is dependent on it for survival.

3. **Conclude the Answer**: All these factors contribute to the decline in biodiversity, which is the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

4. **Summarize the Causes**: The causes of biodiversity loss include habitat loss and fragmentation, over-exploitation, alien species invasion, and co-extinction.

**Final Answer**: Habitat loss and fragmentation, over-exploitation, alien species invasion, and co-extinction are causes for biodiversity loss.

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