In semiconductors, thermal collisions are responsible for taking a valence electorn to the conduction band.Why does the number of conduction electrons not go on increasing with time as thermal collisions continuously take place?

Scientists are working hard to develop nuclear fusion reactor Nuclei of heavy hydrogen, _(1)^(2)H , known as deuteron and denoted by D , can be thought of as a candidate for fusion rector . The D-D reaction is _(1)^(2) H + _(1)^(2) H rarr _(2)^(1) He + n+ energy. In the core of fusion reactor, a gas of heavy hydrogen of _(1)^(2) H is fully ionized into deuteron nuclei and electrons. This collection of _1^2H nuclei and electrons is known as plasma . The nuclei move randomly in the reactor core and occasionally come close enough for nuclear fusion to take place. Usually , the temperature in the reactor core are too high and no material will can be used to confine the to plasma for a time t_(0) before the particles fly away from the core. If n is the density (number volume ) of deuterons , the product nt_(0) is called Lawson number. In one of the criteria , a reactor is termed successful if Lawson number is greater then 5 xx 10^(14) s//cm^(2) it may be helpfull to use the following boltzmann constant lambda = 8.6 xx 10^(-5)eV//k, (e^(2))/(4 pi s_(0)) = 1.44 xx 10^(-9) eVm In the core of nucleus fusion reactor , the gas become plasma because of

Two metallic plate A and B , each of area 5 xx 10^(-4)m^(2) , are placed parallel to each at a separation of 1 cm plate B carries a positive charge of 33.7 xx 10^(-12) C A monocharonatic beam of light , with photoes of energy 5 eV each , starts falling on plate A at t = 0 so that 10^(16) photons fall on it per square meter per second. Assume that one photoelectron is emitted for every 10^(6) incident photons fall on it per square meter per second. Also assume that all the emitted photoelectrons are collected by plate B and the work function of plate A remain constant at the value 2 eV Determine (a) the number of photoelectrons emitted up to i = 10s, (b) the magnitude of the electron field between the plate A and B at i = 10 s, and (c ) the kinetic energy of the most energotic photoelectrons emitted at i = 10 s whenit reaches plate B Negilect the time taken by the photoelectrons to reach plate B Take epsilon_(0) = 8.85 xx 10^(-12)C^(2)N- m^(2)

Scientists are working hard to develop nuclear fusion reactor Nuclei of heavy hydrogen, _(1)^(2)H , known as deuteron and denoted by D , can be thought of as a candidate for fusion rector . The D-D reaction is _(1)^(2) H + _(1)^(2) H rarr _(2)^(1) He + n+ energy. In the core of fusion reactor, a gas of heavy hydrogen of _(1)^(2) H is fully ionized into deuteron nuclei and electrons. This collection of _1^2H nuclei and electrons is known as plasma . The nuclei move randomly in the reactor core and occasionally come close enough for nuclear fusion to take place. Usually , the temperature in the reactor core are too high and no material will can be used to confine the to plasma for a time t_(0) before the particles fly away from the core. If n is the density (number volume ) of deuterons , the product nt_(0) is called Lawson number. In one of the criteria , a reactor is termed successful if Lawson number is greater then 5 xx 10^(14) s//cm^(2) it may be helpfull to use the following boltzmann constant lambda = 8.6 xx 10^(-5)eV//k, (e^(2))/(4 pi s_(0)) = 1.44 xx 10^(-9) eVm Assume that two deuteron nuclei in the core of fusion reactor at temperature energy T are moving toward each other, each with kinectic energy 1.5 kT , when the seperation between them is large enough to neglect coulomb potential energy . Also neglate any interaction from other particle in the core . The minimum temperature T required for them to reach a separation of 4 xx 10^(-15) m is in the range

Scientists are working hard to develop nuclear fusion reactor Nuclei of heavy hydrogen, _(1)^(2)H , known as deuteron and denoted by D , can be thought of as a candidate for fusion rector . The D-D reaction is _(1)^(2) H + _(1)^(2) H rarr _(2)^(1) He + n+ energy. In the core of fusion reactor, a gas of heavy hydrogen of _(1)^(2) H is fully ionized into deuteron nuclei and electrons. This collection of _1^2H nuclei and electrons is known as plasma . The nuclei move randomly in the reactor core and occasionally come close enough for nuclear fusion to take place. Usually , the temperature in the reactor core are too high and no material will can be used to confine the to plasma for a time t_(0) before the particles fly away from the core. If n is the density (number volume ) of deuterons , the product nt_(0) is called Lawson number. In one of the criteria , a reactor is termed successful if Lawson number is greater then 5 xx 10^(14) s//cm^(2) it may be helpfull to use the following boltzmann constant lambda = 8.6 xx 10^(-5)eV//k, (e^(2))/(4 pi s_(0)) = 1.44 xx 10^(-9) eVm Assume that two deuteron nuclei in the core of fusion reactor at temperature energy T are moving toward each other, each with kinectic energy 1.5 kT , when the seperation between them is large enough to neglect coulomb potential energy . Also neglate any interaction from other particle in the core . The minimum temperature T required for them to reach a separation of 4 xx 10^(-15) m is in the range

A cylindrical block of length 0.4 m and area of cross-section 0.04 m^2 is placed coaxially on a thin metal disc of mass 0.4 kg and of the same cross - section. The upper face of the cylinder is maintained at a constant temperature of 400 K and the initial temperature of the disc is 300K . if the thermal conductivity of the material of the cylinder is 10 "watt"// m.K and the specific heat of the material of the disc is 600J//kg.K , how long will it take for the temperature of the disc to increase to 350 K ? Assume for purpose of calculation the thermal conductivity of the disc to be very high and the system to be thermally insulated except for the upper face of the cylinder.

Two rectangular blocks, having identical dimensions, an be arranged either in configuration-I or in configuration-II as shown in the figure. One of the blocks has thermal conductivity k and the other 2k. The temperature difference between the ends along the x-axis is the same in both the configurations. It takes 9s to transport a certain amount of heat from the hot end to the cold end in the configuration-I. The time to transport the same amount of heat in the configuration-II is

The number density of free electrons in a copper conductor estimated is 8.5 xx 10^(28) m^(-3) . How long does an electron take to drift from one end of a wire 3.0 m long to its other end ? The area of cross-section of the wire is 2.0 xx 10^(-6) m^(2) and it is carrying current of 3.0 A.

The number density of free electrons in a copper conductor estimated in is 8.5 xx 10 ^(28) m ^(-3). How long does an electron take to drift form one end of a wire 3.0 m long to its other end? The area of cross-section of the wire is 2.0 xx 10 ^(-6) m ^(2) and it is carrying a current of 3.0 A.

(a) Esttimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wite of cross-secttonal area 1.0 xx 10 ^(-7)m^(2) carrying a current of 1.5A. Assume the each copper atom contrbutes roughly one conduction electron. The density of copper is 9.0 xx 10 ^(3)kg//m^(3), and its atomic mass is 63.5 u. (b) Compare the drift speed obyained above with, (1) thermal speeds of copper atoms at ordinary temperaturtes. (ii) speed of propagation of electric field along the conductor which causes the drift motion.

A brass boiler has a base area of 0.15 m^(2) and thickness 1.0 cm. It boils water at the rate of 6.0 kg/min when placed on a gas stove. Estimate the temperature of the part of the flame in contact with the boller. Thermal conductivity of brass = 109 J s^(-1) m^(-1) K^(-1) , Heat of vaporisation of water = 2256 xx 10^(3) J kg^(-1) .