What is the process of activation of aminoacids in the presence of ATP and its linkage of their cognate tRNA known as

Options

A. charging of RNA
B. Charging of ATP
C. Aminoacetylation of tRNA
D. Aminoacetylation of ATP

Answer

The process of activation of amino acids in the presence of ATP and their linkage to their cognate tRNA is known as "charging of tRNA" or "aminoacylation."

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Components**:
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
- tRNA (transfer RNA) is responsible for bringing the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) provides the energy required for the activation process.

2. **Activation of Amino Acids**:
- The process begins with the binding of an amino acid to an enzyme called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
- This enzyme catalyzes the reaction where ATP is used to activate the amino acid, forming an aminoacyl-AMP complex.

3. **Linkage to tRNA**:
- The activated amino acid (aminoacyl-AMP) is then transferred to its corresponding tRNA molecule, which is referred to as the cognate tRNA.
- The enzyme catalyzes the attachment of the amino acid to the 3' end of the tRNA, resulting in the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA.

4. **Completion of the Charging Process**:
- The charging of tRNA is now complete, and the tRNA is said to be "charged" with its specific amino acid.
- This charged tRNA is now ready to participate in the translation process, where it will deliver the amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain at the ribosome.

5. **Conclusion**:
- The entire process of activating amino acids and linking them to their cognate tRNA is referred to as "charging of tRNA" or "aminoacylation."