Which of the following statements are true about acid rain?
(i) Acid rain has harmful effects on the living beings.
(ii) Acid rain mainly comprises of `H_(2) SO_(4) and HNO_(3)`
(iii) Acid rain causes damage to the ozone layer.
(iv) Acid rain causes damage to buildings and monuments.

Options

A. (i) and (ii) only
B. (i) and (iii) only
C. (i), (iii) and (iv) only
D. (i), (ii) and (iv) only

Explanation

To determine which statements about acid rain are true, let's analyze each statement one by one.

**Step 1: Analyze Statement (i) - "Acid rain has harmful effects on the living beings."**
- Acid rain can harm aquatic life by lowering the pH of water bodies, which can be detrimental to fish and other organisms. It also affects soil quality and fertility, impacting plant life.
- **Conclusion:** This statement is true.

**Step 2: Analyze Statement (ii) - "Acid rain mainly comprises of H₂SO₄ and HNO₃."**
- Acid rain is primarily composed of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃), which are formed when sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) react with water in the atmosphere.
- **Conclusion:** This statement is true.

**Step 3: Analyze Statement (iii) - "Acid rain causes damage to the ozone layer."**
- The ozone layer is located in the stratosphere, and acid rain does not directly affect it. The main substances that harm the ozone layer are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), not acids from rain.
- **Conclusion:** This statement is false.

**Step 4: Analyze Statement (iv) - "Acid rain causes damage to buildings and monuments."**
- Acid rain can corrode buildings and monuments, especially those made of limestone and marble. For example, the Taj Mahal has suffered damage due to acid rain, leading to discoloration and erosion.
- **Conclusion:** This statement is true.

**Final Summary:**
- Statements (i), (ii), and (iv) are true.
- Statement (iii) is false.

**Answer:** The true statements about acid rain are (i), (ii), and (iv).

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