Among the following atomic orbital overlap, the non– bonding overlap is

Options

A.
B.
C.
D.

Explanation

To determine the non-bonding overlap among the given atomic orbital overlaps, we need to analyze the types of overlaps that can occur between different atomic orbitals. Here’s a step-by-step solution:

### Step 1: Understand Types of Orbital Overlaps
Atomic orbitals can overlap in different ways, leading to either bonding, anti-bonding, or non-bonding interactions. The key types of overlaps are:
- **Bonding Overlap**: Occurs when orbitals overlap in a way that allows for electron sharing, leading to a stable bond.
- **Anti-bonding Overlap**: Occurs when orbitals overlap in such a way that they create a node between them, destabilizing the bond.
- **Non-bonding Overlap**: Occurs when orbitals do not effectively overlap, resulting in no bond formation.

### Step 2: Identify the Given Orbitals
In the question, we are provided with various atomic orbital overlaps. We need to identify which of these overlaps does not lead to bonding.

### Step 3: Analyze the Overlaps
1. **P-P Overlap**: If two p orbitals are oriented perpendicularly (one on the z-axis and the other on the x-axis), they do not effectively overlap. This results in a non-bonding interaction.
2. **D-D Overlap**: When two d orbitals (like dxy) overlap effectively (either plus-plus or minus-minus), they form a bonding molecular orbital.
3. **S-D Overlap**: An s orbital overlapping with a d orbital can lead to bonding if the overlap is head-on.
4. **P-D Overlap**: This can lead to anti-bonding if the phases are opposite (plus-minus).

### Step 4: Conclusion
Based on the analysis, the overlap between the two p orbitals that are oriented perpendicularly does not lead to effective bonding and is classified as non-bonding overlap. Therefore, the correct answer is the overlap between the two p orbitals.

### Final Answer
The non-bonding overlap is the overlap between the two p orbitals that are oriented perpendicularly.

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