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Ever since independence, land reforms have been a major instrument of State policy to promote both equity and agricultural investment. Unfortunately, progress on land reforms has been slow, reflecting the resilience of structures of power that gave rise to the problem in the first place. The main instrument for realizing more equitable distribution of land is the land ceiling laws. These laws were enacted by several States during the late 1950s and 1960s, and the early 1970s saw more stringent amendments in the laws to plug loopholes in the earlier laws. But the record of implementation has not been satisfactory, Around 3 million hectares of land has been declared surplus so far, which is hardly 2 percent of net sown area in India. About 30 percent of this land has not yet been distributed as it is caught up in the litigations. Besides, a number of Benami and clandestine transactions have resulted in illegal possession of significant amounts of land above ceiling limits. There are widespread reports of allotment of inferior, unproductive, barren and wasteland to landless household, many of whom have been forced to sell it off, in the absence of resources to make it productive. In many instances, lands allotted to the rural poor under the ceiling laws are not in their possession. In some cases, Pattas were issued to the beneficiaries, but possession of land shown in the Pattas was not given, or corresponding changes were not made in the records of right. The balance of power in rural India is so heavily weighed against the landless and the poor that implementing land ceiling laws is difficult. It is clear that without massive mobilization of the rural poor and depending on democratic governance in rural India, very little can be achieved in this direction. Although half of India's population continues to depend on agriculture as its primary source of livelihood, 83 percent of farmers operate holdings of less than 2 hectares in size, and the average holding size is only 1-23 hectares. This is often in fragments and unirrigated. There are also those who are entirely landless, although agriculture is their main source of livelihood. They have inadequate financial resources to purchase and often depend on leasing in small plots, on insecure terms, for short periods, sometimes only for one season. Hence, many face insecurity of tenure and the growing threat of land alienation and pressure from urbanization, industrialization and powerful interest. According to the author, what is the primary source of livelihood of majority of India's population?

Ever since independence, land reforms have been a major instrument of State policy to promote both equity and agricultural investment. Unfortunately, progress on land reforms has been slow, reflecting the resilience of structures of power that gave rise to the problem in the first place. The main instrument for realizing more equitable distribution of land is the land ceiling laws. These laws were enacted by several States during the late 1950s and 1960s, and the early 1970s saw more stringent amendments in the laws to plug loopholes in the earlier laws. But the record of implementation has not been satisfactory, Around 3 million hectares of land has been declared surplus so far, which is hardly 2 percent of net sown area in India. About 30 percent of this land has not yet been distributed as it is caught up in the litigations. Besides, a number of Benami and clandestine transactions have resulted in illegal possession of significant amounts of land above ceiling limits. ................................ They have inadequate financial resources to purchase and often depend on leasing in small plots, on insecure terms, for short periods, sometimes only for one season. Hence, many face insecurity of tenure and the growing threat of land alienation and pressure from urbanization, industrialization and powerful interest. Which word/ group of words in the passage means 'lawsuit'?

The rupee, which is currently the worst-performing currency in Asia, is finally receiving some help from the authorities. The Union government, after a meeting with Reserve Bank of lndia Governor, announced a list of measures to (A) the sharp declme in the currency, which has lost about 12% of its value since the beginning of the year. (B) These include steps to curb the import of non-essential goods and encourage the export of domestic goods, which will help in addressing the country's burgeoning current account deficit that hit a five-year high in July. (C) Other steps such as removing restrictions on foreign portfolio investments and encouraging (1) Indian borrowers to facilitate (2) rupee-denominated 'masala bonds' were also announced (3) to issue (4) the inflow of dollars and de-risk the economy from fluctuations in the exchange rate. Further, the term limit imposed on borrowings of manufacturing companies is to be shortened further (D) _____ . The response to the move from the markets will need to be carefully tracked. Even before the official announcement on Friday, the rupee witnessed some recovery against the dollar (E) hopes of favourable government intervention, while stocks and bonds also recovered. These steps to strengthen the rupee in the short term are welcome, given the large-scale outflow of capital from emerging markets to the West. These ad hoc steps to avoid an immediate (F) crisis in the external sector, however, should not deflect attention from the more fundamental reasons behind the decline of the rupee. India has been unable to boost exports over the years for various reasons. (G) This has meant that the rise in the price of oil has traditionally exerted tremendous stress on the current account deficit and the currency, as is happening now. (H) The government needs to think of a long-term plan ( 1) to boost (2) exports, preferably through growth (3) that remove policy barriers that are impeding the steps (4) of export-oriented sectors, in order to find a sustainable solution to the problem of the weakening rupee. The depreciating rupee is also a symptom of persistently higher domestic inflation in India over many decades. For example, in line with vastly different inflation rates in India and the U.S., the rupee has lost about 60% of its value in the last 10 years against the dollar. (I) So this problem cannot be addressed without drastic changes in the style in monetary policy conducted by the RBI, which is an unlikely proposition. Until then, the best that can be (J) __ for is a steady drop in the value of the rupee without any drastic shocks to the economy. Which of the following words given in the option should come at the place marked as (A) in the above paragraph to make it grammatically correct and meaningful. Also, the word should fill in the two sentences given below to make them contextually correct and meaningful. (i) The king built a great temple, a hippodrome and a street of columns surrounding the city, the remains of which still the attention. (ii) His had caused great indignation.

The rupee, which is currently the worst-performing currency in Asia, is finally receiving some help from the authorities. The Union government, after a meeting with Reserve Bank of lndia Governor, announced a list of measures to (A) the sharp declme in the currency, which has lost about 12% of its value since the beginning of the year. (B) These include steps to curb the import of non-essential goods and encourage the export of domestic goods, which will help in addressing the country's burgeoning current account deficit that hit a five-year high in July. (C) Other steps such as removing restrictions on foreign portfolio investments and encouraging (1) Indian borrowers to facilitate (2) rupee-denominated 'masala bonds' were also announced (3) to issue (4) the inflow of dollars and de-risk the economy from fluctuations in the exchange rate. Further, the term limit imposed on borrowings of manufacturing companies is to be shortened further (D) _____ . The response to the move from the markets will need to be carefully tracked. Even before the official announcement on Friday, the rupee witnessed some recovery against the dollar (E) hopes of favourable government intervention, while stocks and bonds also recovered. These steps to strengthen the rupee in the short term are welcome, given the large-scale outflow of capital from emerging markets to the West. These ad hoc steps to avoid an immediate (F) crisis in the external sector, however, should not deflect attention from the more fundamental reasons behind the decline of the rupee. India has been unable to boost exports over the years for various reasons. (G) This has meant that the rise in the price of oil has traditionally exerted tremendous stress on the current account deficit and the currency, as is happening now. (H) The government needs to think of a long-term plan ( 1) to boost (2) exports, preferably through growth (3) that remove policy barriers that are impeding the steps (4) of export-oriented sectors, in order to find a sustainable solution to the problem of the weakening rupee. The depreciating rupee is also a symptom of persistently higher domestic inflation in India over many decades. For example, in line with vastly different inflation rates in India and the U.S., the rupee has lost about 60% of its value in the last 10 years against the dollar. (I) So this problem cannot be addressed without drastic changes in the style in monetary policy conducted by the RBI, which is an unlikely proposition. Until then, the best that can be (J) __ for is a steady drop in the value of the rupee without any drastic shocks to the economy. In the passage given, a sentence (B) is given in italics, There may or may not be an error in one part of the sentence. Choose the part which has an error in it as your answer. If there is no error then choose option (e) as your answer.

The rupee, which is currently the worst-performing currency in Asia, is finally receiving some help from the authorities. The Union government, after a meeting with Reserve Bank of lndia Governor, announced a list of measures to (A) the sharp declme in the currency, which has lost about 12% of its value since the beginning of the year. (B) These include steps to curb the import of non-essential goods and encourage the export of domestic goods, which will help in addressing the country's burgeoning current account deficit that hit a five-year high in July. (C) Other steps such as removing restrictions on foreign portfolio investments and encouraging (1) Indian borrowers to facilitate (2) rupee-denominated 'masala bonds' were also announced (3) to issue (4) the inflow of dollars and de-risk the economy from fluctuations in the exchange rate. Further, the term limit imposed on borrowings of manufacturing companies is to be shortened further (D) _____ . The response to the move from the markets will need to be carefully tracked. Even before the official announcement on Friday, the rupee witnessed some recovery against the dollar (E) hopes of favourable government intervention, while stocks and bonds also recovered. These steps to strengthen the rupee in the short term are welcome, given the large-scale outflow of capital from emerging markets to the West. These ad hoc steps to avoid an immediate (F) crisis in the external sector, however, should not deflect attention from the more fundamental reasons behind the decline of the rupee. India has been unable to boost exports over the years for various reasons. (G) This has meant that the rise in the price of oil has traditionally exerted tremendous stress on the current account deficit and the currency, as is happening now. (H) The government needs to think of a long-term plan ( 1) to boost (2) exports, preferably through growth (3) that remove policy barriers that are impeding the steps (4) of export-oriented sectors, in order to find a sustainable solution to the problem of the weakening rupee. The depreciating rupee is also a symptom of persistently higher domestic inflation in India over many decades. For example, in line with vastly different inflation rates in India and the U.S., the rupee has lost about 60% of its value in the last 10 years against the dollar. (I) So this problem cannot be addressed without drastic changes in the style in monetary policy conducted by the RBI, which is an unlikely proposition. Until then, the best that can be (J) __ for is a steady drop in the value of the rupee without any drastic shocks to the economy. The sentence given in (C) has four words printed in bold. Amongst the given bold words, which of the followmg must replace each other to make the sentence contextually correct and meaningful?

The rupee, which is currently the worst-performing currency in Asia, is finally receiving some help from the authorities. The Union government, after a meeting with Reserve Bank of lndia Governor, announced a list of measures to (A) the sharp declme in the currency, which has lost about 12% of its value since the beginning of the year. (B) These include steps to curb the import of non-essential goods and encourage the export of domestic goods, which will help in addressing the country's burgeoning current account deficit that hit a five-year high in July. (C) Other steps such as removing restrictions on foreign portfolio investments and encouraging (1) Indian borrowers to facilitate (2) rupee-denominated 'masala bonds' were also announced (3) to issue (4) the inflow of dollars and de-risk the economy from fluctuations in the exchange rate. Further, the term limit imposed on borrowings of manufacturing companies is to be shortened further (D) _____ . The response to the move from the markets will need to be carefully tracked. Even before the official announcement on Friday, the rupee witnessed some recovery against the dollar (E) hopes of favourable government intervention, while stocks and bonds also recovered. These steps to strengthen the rupee in the short term are welcome, given the large-scale outflow of capital from emerging markets to the West. These ad hoc steps to avoid an immediate (F) crisis in the external sector, however, should not deflect attention from the more fundamental reasons behind the decline of the rupee. India has been unable to boost exports over the years for various reasons. (G) This has meant that the rise in the price of oil has traditionally exerted tremendous stress on the current account deficit and the currency, as is happening now. (H) The government needs to think of a long-term plan ( 1) to boost (2) exports, preferably through growth (3) that remove policy barriers that are impeding the steps (4) of export-oriented sectors, in order to find a sustainable solution to the problem of the weakening rupee. The depreciating rupee is also a symptom of persistently higher domestic inflation in India over many decades. For example, in line with vastly different inflation rates in India and the U.S., the rupee has lost about 60% of its value in the last 10 years against the dollar. (I) So this problem cannot be addressed without drastic changes in the style in monetary policy conducted by the RBI, which is an unlikely proposition. Until then, the best that can be (J) __ for is a steady drop in the value of the rupee without any drastic shocks to the economy. Which of the following phrases should fill m the blank in (D) to make it contextually correct and meaningful?

The rupee, which is currently the worst-performing currency in Asia, is finally receiving some help from the authorities. The Union government, after a meeting with Reserve Bank of lndia Governor, announced a list of measures to (A) the sharp declme in the currency, which has lost about 12% of its value since the beginning of the year. (B) These include steps to curb the import of non-essential goods and encourage the export of domestic goods, which will help in addressing the country's burgeoning current account deficit that hit a five-year high in July. (C) Other steps such as removing restrictions on foreign portfolio investments and encouraging (1) Indian borrowers to facilitate (2) rupee-denominated 'masala bonds' were also announced (3) to issue (4) the inflow of dollars and de-risk the economy from fluctuations in the exchange rate. Further, the term limit imposed on borrowings of manufacturing companies is to be shortened further (D) _____ . The response to the move from the markets will need to be carefully tracked. Even before the official announcement on Friday, the rupee witnessed some recovery against the dollar (E) hopes of favourable government intervention, while stocks and bonds also recovered. These steps to strengthen the rupee in the short term are welcome, given the large-scale outflow of capital from emerging markets to the West. These ad hoc steps to avoid an immediate (F) crisis in the external sector, however, should not deflect attention from the more fundamental reasons behind the decline of the rupee. India has been unable to boost exports over the years for various reasons. (G) This has meant that the rise in the price of oil has traditionally exerted tremendous stress on the current account deficit and the currency, as is happening now. (H) The government needs to think of a long-term plan ( 1) to boost (2) exports, preferably through growth (3) that remove policy barriers that are impeding the steps (4) of export-oriented sectors, in order to find a sustainable solution to the problem of the weakening rupee. The depreciating rupee is also a symptom of persistently higher domestic inflation in India over many decades. For example, in line with vastly different inflation rates in India and the U.S., the rupee has lost about 60% of its value in the last 10 years against the dollar. (I) So this problem cannot be addressed without drastic changes in the style in monetary policy conducted by the RBI, which is an unlikely proposition. Until then, the best that can be (J) __ for is a steady drop in the value of the rupee without any drastic shocks to the economy. Which of the following words given in the option should come at the place marked as (E) in the above paragraph to make it grammatically correct and meaningful. Also, the word should fill in the two sentences given below to make them contextually correct and meaningful. (i) The cottage is situated on the river bank ___ scenery of surpassing loveliness. (ii) I stood __ the familiar instruments, wondering where to begin.

The rupee, which is currently the worst-performing currency in Asia, is finally receiving some help from the authorities. The Union government, after a meeting with Reserve Bank of lndia Governor, announced a list of measures to (A) the sharp declme in the currency, which has lost about 12% of its value since the beginning of the year. (B) These include steps to curb the import of non-essential goods and encourage the export of domestic goods, which will help in addressing the country's burgeoning current account deficit that hit a five-year high in July. (C) Other steps such as removing restrictions on foreign portfolio investments and encouraging (1) Indian borrowers to facilitate (2) rupee-denominated 'masala bonds' were also announced (3) to issue (4) the inflow of dollars and de-risk the economy from fluctuations in the exchange rate. Further, the term limit imposed on borrowings of manufacturing companies is to be shortened further (D) _____ . The response to the move from the markets will need to be carefully tracked. Even before the official announcement on Friday, the rupee witnessed some recovery against the dollar (E) hopes of favourable government intervention, while stocks and bonds also recovered. These steps to strengthen the rupee in the short term are welcome, given the large-scale outflow of capital from emerging markets to the West. These ad hoc steps to avoid an immediate (F) crisis in the external sector, however, should not deflect attention from the more fundamental reasons behind the decline of the rupee. India has been unable to boost exports over the years for various reasons. (G) This has meant that the rise in the price of oil has traditionally exerted tremendous stress on the current account deficit and the currency, as is happening now. (H) The government needs to think of a long-term plan ( 1) to boost (2) exports, preferably through growth (3) that remove policy barriers that are impeding the steps (4) of export-oriented sectors, in order to find a sustainable solution to the problem of the weakening rupee. The depreciating rupee is also a symptom of persistently higher domestic inflation in India over many decades. For example, in line with vastly different inflation rates in India and the U.S., the rupee has lost about 60% of its value in the last 10 years against the dollar. (I) So this problem cannot be addressed without drastic changes in the style in monetary policy conducted by the RBI, which is an unlikely proposition. Until then, the best that can be (J) __ for is a steady drop in the value of the rupee without any drastic shocks to the economy. A word is given in bold in (F). Choose the word which should replace the word given in bold to make the sentence correct and meaningful. If no change is required, choose option ( e) as your answer.