Given below is a table representing the characteristics of two fluids involved in the transportation of substances in the human body.

(a) Identify fluid A and fluid B.
(b) With the help of a flow chart, describe the movement of fluid A from the intercellular spaces to the main circulatory system.
(c) What role does fluid A play in the digestion of food in humans?

Name the watery fluid secreted by Brunner's gland in the duodenum. Mention its any two characteristics. What role does it play inside the duodenum ?

Identify the given diagram with its location in human body. (b) Label no. (2). Name the fluid present in it. (c ) Label nos. (3), (4) and (6). How they help in the functioning of the above diagram?

In a machine, a fluid from a compressor, which is at high pressure, is allowed to pass through a nozzle. Cross section of the nozzle is shown in the fiuge. The nozzle consists of two sections of radii r_(1) and r_(2) . The nozzle is fixed on a stand with the help of a clamp. the clamp is a circular ring of radius r_(1) and width b. The fluid from the compressor is at a presssure of n times the atmospheric pressure p_(0) . assume that the entrie system is horizontal the fluid is ideal and the flow is steady. (a) what should be the volume flow rate so that pressure of the fluid at end B reduces to half of its value at end A? (b) If the entire system is kept in gravity free space and the net force on the nozzle due to the fluid flow is F then determine the minimum radial pressure that should be applied on the clamp. so the nozzle remains in place. Coefficient of friction betwwen clamp and nozzle is mu . (c) If a small hole is punched anywhere on the thinner part of the nozzle (close to end B) what should be the volume flow rate of the fluid so that it does not gush out?

The word fluid means a substance having particles which readily of its magnitude (a small shear stress, which may appear to be of negligible will cause deformation in the fluid). Fluids are charactrised by such properties as density. Specific weight, specific gravity, viscosity etc. Density of a substance is defined as mass per unit volume and it is denoted by. The specific gravity represents a numerical ratio of two densities, and water is commonly taken as a reference substance. Specific gravity of a substance in written as the ratio of density of substance to the density of water. Specific weight represents the force exerted by gravity on a unit volume of fluid. It is related to the density as the product of density of a fluid and acceleration due to gravity. Viscosity is the most important and is recognized as the only single property which influences the fluid motion to a great extent. The viscosity is the property by virtue of which a fluid offers resistance to deformation under the influenece if shear force. The force between the layers opposing relative motion between them are known as forces of viscosity. When a boat moves slowly on the river remains at rest. Velocities of different layers are different. Let v be the velocity of the level at a distance y from the bed and V+dv be the velocity at a distance y+dy . The velocity differs by dv in going through a distance by perpendicular to it. The quantity (dv)/(dy) is called velocity gradient. The force of viscosity between two layers of a fluid is proportional to velocity gradient and Area of the layer. F prop A & F prop (dv)/(dy) F= -etaA(dv)/(dy) ( -ve sign shown the force is frictional in nature and opposes relative motion. eta coefficient of dynamic viscosity Shear stress (F)/(A)= -eta(dv)/(dy) and simultaneously kinematic viscosity is defined as the dynamic viscosity divided by the density. If is denoted as v . The viscosity of a fluid depends upon its intermolecular structure. In gases, the molecules are widely spaced resulting in a negligible intermolecular cohesion, while in liquids the molecules being very close to each other, the cohesion is much larger with the increases of temperature, the cohesive force decreases rapidly resulting in the decreases of viscosity. In case of gases, the viscosity is mainly due to transfer of molecular momentum in the transerve direction brought about by the molecular agitation. Molecular agitation increases with rise in temperature. Thus we conclude that viscosity of a fluid may thus be considered to be composed of two parts, first due to intermolecuar cohesion and second due to transfer of molecular momentum. If the velocity profile is given by v=(2)/(3)y-y^(2)v is velocity in m//sec y is in meter above the bad. Determine shear stress at y=0.15m , & eta=0.863 Ns//m^(2)

(a) What is blood ? Why is it red ? (b) State the functions of blood in our body. (c) Name a circulatory fluid in the human body other than blood (c) Name a circulatory fluid in the human body other than blood

Given below are some of the process which takes place in our ear when we are exposed to any sound. Arrange these in the correct order of sequence. (a)The eardrum vibrates the transmits the sound wave to the ear ossicles. (b) Vibration travel from oval window to the fluid of cochlea. (c) Ripples in the basilar membrane band the hair cell against the tectorial membrane (d) Generation of waves in the lymphs. (e ) sound waves are collected by the pinna. (f) generation of nerve impulse and transmission through auditory nerves to the brain

Fill in the blanks: a. Simple organisms like sponges and coelenterates circulate …1… from their surroundings through their body cavities of facilitate the cells to exchange of O_(2),CO_(2), nutrients and waste products. b. More complex organisms used special fluids within their bodies to transport such materials. The ...2... is most commonly used body fluid by most of the higher organisms including humans for this purpose. c. Another body fluid ...3... also helps in the transport of certain substances.

Which of these statements are fasle regarding the human respiratory regarding the human respiratory system ? (a) The nasal chamber opens into the pharynx . (b) Trachea, bronchus and initial bronchioles are supproted by complete cartilaginous rings. (c ) The branching network of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli comprises the lungs. (d) Pleural fluid increase friction on the lung surface.