Limit of a Function (फलन की सीमा)|Important Results Related to Limit|Exponential and Logarithmic Limits (घातांकीय एवं लघुगणकीय और त्रिकोणमितीय सीमाएं)|L' Hospital's Rule|Some Important Formulae|OMR

Exponential And Logarithmic Functions|Some Important Points About Exponential Functions |OMR

Answer question numbers 3(a) - 3(d) on the basis of your understanding of the following paragraph and the related studied concepts: Around the year 1800, only 30 elements were known. Dobereiner in 1817 and Newlands in 1866 tried to arrange the then known elements and framed laws which were rejected by the scientists. Even after the ejection of the proposed laws, many scientists continued to search for a pattern that correlated the properties of elements with their atomic masses. The main credit for classifying elements goes to Mendeleev for his most important contribution to the early development of a Periodic table of elements wherein he arranged the elements on the basis of their fundamental property, the atomic mass and also on the similarity of chemical properties. The formula of their hydrides and oxides were treated as basic criteria for the classification of the elements. However, Mendeleev's classification also had some limitations as it could not assign the position to isotopes. He also left some gaps in the periodic table. 3(a) state Mendeleev's Periodic Law. 3(b) Why did Mendeleev leave some gaps in the Periodic table? 3(c) if the letter 'R' was used to represent any of the elements in the group , then the hydride and oxide of carbon would respectively be represented as (i) RH_4 , RO (ii) RH_4 , RO_2 (iii) RH_2 , RO_2 (iv) RH_2 , RO 3(d) isotopes are (i) atoms of an element with similar chemical properties but different atomic masses. (ii) atoms of different elements with similar chemical properties but different atomic masses. (iii) atoms of an element with different chemical properties but same atomic masses. (iv) atoms of different elements with different chemical properties but same atomic masses.

Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. The Chinese government imposed limits on plastic waste imports – which were largely recycled into new products – because of growing awareness that some plastic waste contains toxic elements, therefore worsening China’s already serious pollution problems. According to Japanese government statistics, 510,000 tons of plastic waste was shipped to China every year before the restrictions were imposed. The figure has fallen to a mere 30,000 tons in the first five months of this year. China’s rules on plastic imports are expected to be tightened again in December, with a ban on factory debris. Meanwhile, Thailand – a large receiver of Japan’s waste metals – is also preparing import restrictions of plastic trash over similar environmental concerns. However, Japan is in no position to suddenly expand its capacity to recycle plastics, and a lot of the waste ends up at landfills or incinerators. Only 23% of the waste plastic produced by Japan in 2016 was turned into recycled plastic or used in fibre materials. Japanese waste management firms do not have the specialist equipment to recycle these plastics, and consequently many no longer accept such shipments because they have nowhere to store it. The ban caused turmoil in Japan as the government scrambled to find alternative avenues to recycle the nation’s plastic waste. Japan’s Reduce-Reuse-Recycle (3Rs) policy — while incredibly successful at promoting recycling in Japan — caused a decline in the domestic plastic recycling business. And despite high levels of participation in Japan’s recycling initiatives, efforts to reduce the use of plastic products in the country are failing. But while China’s waste ban may seem like a major headache, it also presents an opportunity for the Japanese government to revise its policies to the benefit of its citizens, businesses, and oceans. Japan is already a leading nation in its recycling efforts. It can now build on this strong foundation by taking three key actions. First, Japan should introduce regulations on the use of plastic products by prohibiting the sale — or charging a fee — for single-use plastics such as bags, cups and drinking straws. In 2002 Ireland became the first country to introduce a plastic bag tax, leading to a 90 per cent drop in use equaling a reduction of more than 1 billion bags. The tax collected was funnelled into a green fund to support environmental projects. Rwanda also introduced a ban on the sale, manufacture, use, and import of plastic bags in 2008. The ban led to cleaner cities with less trash, less environmental damage caused by plastic waste and increased tourism. Second, Japan should establish specific targets for business and industry to redesign, remanufacture, substitute and/or phase out plastic products. Given its ongoing preparation for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, industry sectors have been called on to reduce excessive packaging for all products related to the event. Biodegradable alternatives are being considered, drawing on lessons learned from the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, where plastic waste was effectively limited. Third, Japan should create a campaign to educate its consumers — and its businesses — on how to adopt eco-friendly waste practices. China’s ban on plastic imports is a much-needed wake-up call to reconsider our production, use and disposal of plastic products. Japan has the opportunity to stop looking for the next “easy solution” and instead adopt solid resource management principles to help stem the rising tide of plastic. Why was only 23% of the waste plastic produced by Japan in 2016 turned into recycled plastic or was used in fibre materials? I. Japan exports most of its waste metals and plastic to China and Thailand. II. Japanese waste management firms do not have the specialist equipment to recycle these plastics. III. Japan no longer accept used plastic shipments because it has nowhere to store it. IV. Japan’s Reduce-Reuse-Recycle (3Rs) policy caused a decline in the domestic plastic recycling business. V. Japan’s recycling initiatives are failing.