2nd Industrial Policy 1956(दूसरी औद्योगिक नीति 1956)|3rd Industrial Policy 1977(तीसरी औद्योगिक नीति 1977)|4th Industrial Policy 1980(चौथी औद्योगिक नीति 1980)|5thIndustrial Policy 1991(5वीं औद्योगिक नीति 1991)|Summary

Industry(उद्योग)|1st Industrial Policy(पहली औद्योगिक नीति)|Summary

Industrial Policy(औधोगिक नीति)|Summary

National Policy On Education 1968(शिक्षा पर राष्ट्रीय नीति 1968)|National Commission On 10+2+3 Educational Framework 1973(10+2+3 शैक्षिक ढांचे पर राष्ट्रीय आयोग 1973)|Summary

Early Crisis Met: Reform Measures Some of the early major steps taken to manage the economic crisis were the following: Fiscal correction aimed at reducing fiscal deficit by about7,700 crore in 1991-92 (compared to 1990-91), Announcement of New Industry Policy in July 1991 seeking to deregulate the industry with the objective of promoting the growth of a more competitive and efficient industrial economy Abolition of industrial licensing for all industrial projects except 18 industries of high strategic and environmental importance and with high import content. About 80 per cent of the industries were delicensed, Amendment of the MRTP Act to eliminate the need for prior approval of the Central Government by large companies for capacity expansion, diversification and merger and amalgamation. Nine areas in basic and core industries earlier reserved for the public sector were opened to the private sector Limit of foreign equity holding raised from 40 per cent to 51 per cent in a wide range of priority industries, Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) established to negotiate proposals from large international firms and expedite clearances of the investment proposals, Rupee devaluation by 18 per cent during July 1-3, 1991 supported by a standby credit of $2.3 billion from the IMP over a 20 months period negotiated in October 1991, Negotiation of $500 million Structural Adjustment Loan from the World Bank in April 1992 and a loan totalling SDR 1.3 billion from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) between January-September 1991: Introduction of India Development Bond Scheme and Immunity Scheme for repatriation of funds held abroad in October 1991, under which more than $2 billion were mobilised during 1991-92, Bringing back of gold earlier pledged to the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan Continuance of the measures of import control and credit squeeze Administered licensing of imports replaced by freely tradeable import entitlements (called Exim Scrips) linked to export earnings. The measure was expected to introduce self balancing mechanism in India's foreign trade, Introduction of Liberalised Exchange Rate Management System (LERMS) under which a dual exchange rate system was established, one rate being effectively floated in the market, and Import licensing in most capital goods, raw materials, intermediates and components eliminated. Advance Licensing System considerably simplified. The initial series of measures set the tone for the future economic reforms. Any of the measures taken above was continued to form a part of the ongoing reform process Identify and explain the concept linked with "Abolition of industrial licensing

Early Crisis Met: Reform Measures Some of the early major steps taken to manage the economic crisis were the following: Fiscal correction aimed at reducing fiscal deficit by about7,700 crore in 1991-92 (compared to 1990-91), Announcement of New Industry Policy in July 1991 seeking to deregulate the industry with the objective of promoting the growth of a more competitive and efficient industrial economy Abolition of industrial licensing for all industrial projects except 18 industries of high strategic and environmental importance and with high import content. About 80 per cent of the industries were delicensed, Amendment of the MRTP Act to eliminate the need for prior approval of the Central Government by large companies for capacity expansion, diversification and merger and amalgamation. Nine areas in basic and core industries earlier reserved for the public sector were opened to the private sector Limit of foreign equity holding raised from 40 per cent to 51 per cent in a wide range of priority industries, Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) established to negotiate proposals from large international firms and expedite clearances of the investment proposals, Rupee devaluation by 18 per cent during July 1-3, 1991 supported by a standby credit of $2.3 billion from the IMP over a 20 months period negotiated in October 1991, Negotiation of $500 million Structural Adjustment Loan from the World Bank in April 1992 and a loan totalling SDR 1.3 billion from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) between January-September 1991: Introduction of India Development Bond Scheme and Immunity Scheme for repatriation of funds held abroad in October 1991, under which more than $2 billion were mobilised during 1991-92, Bringing back of gold earlier pledged to the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan Continuance of the measures of import control and credit squeeze Administered licensing of imports replaced by freely tradeable import entitlements (called Exim Scrips) linked to export earnings. The measure was expected to introduce self balancing mechanism in India's foreign trade, Introduction of Liberalised Exchange Rate Management System (LERMS) under which a dual exchange rate system was established, one rate being effectively floated in the market, and Import licensing in most capital goods, raw materials, intermediates and components eliminated. Advance Licensing System considerably simplified. The initial series of measures set the tone for the future economic reforms. Any of the measures taken above was continued to form a part of the ongoing reform process State few effects of such reforms on Indian business and industry

India's manufacturing growth fell to its lowestin more than two years in September, 2011 , reinforcing fears that an extended period of high policy-rates is hurting growth, accqrding to a closely vatched index. The HSBC India Purch:asing Managers' Index (PMI), based one survey of over 500 companies, fell to 50.4 from 52.6 in August and 53.6 in July. It was the lowest since March 2009, when the reading was below 5-0, indicating contraction. September's index also recorded the biggest one-month fall since November 2008. The sub index for new orders, which reflects future output, declined for the sixth successive month, while export orders fell for a third month on the back of weakness in global economy. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) last week indicate·d it was not done yet with monetary pocicy tightening as inflation was still high. The bank has already raised rates 12 times since March 201 Oto tame inflation, which is at a.13-month high of9. 78%. Economists expect the RBI toraise rates 6ne'more time but warn that target¥d growth will be hard .to achieve if the slump continues. "This ( fall in PMI) was driven by weaker orders, with export orders still contracting due to the weaker global economic conditions," HSBC said in a press release quoting its chief economist for India & ASEAN. PMI is considered a fairly good indicator of manufacturing · activity the world over, but in the case of India, the large contribution of the unorganised sector yields a low correlation 1 with industrial growth. However, the Index for Industrial Production (IIP) has been showing a weakening trend, having slipped to a 21-month low of 3.3% in July. The core sector, which consists of eight infrastructure industries and has a combined weight of 37.9% in the IIP, also grew at only3.5% in August. The PMI data is in line with the suffering manufacturing activity in India as per other estimates. Producers are seeing that demand conditions are softening and the outlook is uncertain, therefore they are producing less. Employment in the manufacturing sector ·declined for the second consecutive month, indicating it too was under pressure. This could be attributed to lower requirement of staff and rise in resignations as higher wage requests go unfulfilled, the HSBC statement said. On the inflation front, input prices rose at an 11-month low rate, but despite signs of softening they still remain at historically high levels. While decelerating slightly, the readings for input and output priGes suggest that inflation pressures remain firmly in place. Most economists feel the RBI is close to the end of its rate hike cycle. Even the weekly -Wholesale Price Index . (WPI) estimates have started showing signs of softening, having fallen more than one percentage point. The PMI is based on surveys of

India's manufacturing growth fell to its lowestin more than two years in September, 2011 , reinforcing fears that an extended period of high policy-rates is hurting growth, accqrding to a closely vatched index. The HSBC India Purch:asing Managers' Index (PMI), based one survey of over 500 companies, fell to 50.4 from 52.6 in August and 53.6 in July. It was the lowest since March 2009, when the reading was below 5-0, indicating contraction. September's index also recorded the biggest one-month fall since November 2008. The sub index for new orders, which reflects future output, declined for the sixth successive month, while export orders fell for a third month on the back of weakness in global economy. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) last week indicate·d it was not done yet with monetary pocicy tightening as inflation was still high. The bank has already raised rates 12 times since March 201 Oto tame inflation, which is at a.13-month high of9. 78%. Economists expect the RBI toraise rates 6ne'more time but warn that target¥d growth will be hard .to achieve if the slump continues. "This ( fall in PMI) was driven by weaker orders, with export orders still contracting due to the weaker global economic conditions," HSBC said in a press release quoting its chief economist for India & ASEAN. PMI is considered a fairly good indicator of manufacturing · activity the world over, but in the case of India, the large contribution of the unorganised sector yields a low correlation 1 with industrial growth. However, the Index for Industrial Production (IIP) has been showing a weakening trend, having slipped to a 21-month low of 3.3% in July. The core sector, which consists of eight infrastructure industries and has a combined weight of 37.9% in the IIP, also grew at only3.5% in August. The PMI data is in line with the suffering manufacturing activity in India as per other estimates. Producers are seeing that demand conditions are softening and the outlook is uncertain, therefore they are producing less. Employment in the manufacturing sector ·declined for the second consecutive month, indicating it too was under pressure. This could be attributed to lower requirement of staff and rise in resignations as higher wage requests go unfulfilled, the HSBC statement said. On the inflation front, input prices rose at an 11-month low rate, but despite signs of softening they still remain at historically high levels. While decelerating slightly, the readings for input and output priGes suggest that inflation pressures remain firmly in place. Most economists feel the RBI is close to the end of its rate hike cycle. Even the weekly -Wholesale Price Index . (WPI) estimates have started showing signs of softening, having fallen more than one percentage point. Which of the following is indicated by the sub/index for new orders?

India's manufacturing growth fell to its lowestin more than two years in September, 2011 , reinforcing fears that an extended period of high policy-rates is hurting growth, accqrding to a closely vatched index. The HSBC India Purch:asing Managers' Index (PMI), based one survey of over 500 companies, fell to 50.4 from 52.6 in August and 53.6 in July. It was the lowest since March 2009, when the reading was below 5-0, indicating contraction. September's index also recorded the biggest one-month fall since November 2008. The sub index for new orders, which reflects future output, declined for the sixth successive month, while export orders fell for a third month on the back of weakness in global economy. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) last week indicate·d it was not done yet with monetary pocicy tightening as inflation was still high. The bank has already raised rates 12 times since March 201 Oto tame inflation, which is at a.13-month high of9. 78%. Economists expect the RBI toraise rates 6ne'more time but warn that target¥d growth will be hard .to achieve if the slump continues. "This ( fall in PMI) was driven by weaker orders, with export orders still contracting due to the weaker global economic conditions," HSBC said in a press release quoting its chief economist for India & ASEAN. PMI is considered a fairly good indicator of manufacturing · activity the world over, but in the case of India, the large contribution of the unorganised sector yields a low correlation 1 with industrial growth. However, the Index for Industrial Production (IIP) has been showing a weakening trend, having slipped to a 21-month low of 3.3% in July. The core sector, which consists of eight infrastructure industries and has a combined weight of 37.9% in the IIP, also grew at only3.5% in August. The PMI data is in line with the suffering manufacturing activity in India as per other estimates. Producers are seeing that demand conditions are softening and the outlook is uncertain, therefore they are producing less. Employment in the manufacturing sector ·declined for the second consecutive month, indicating it too was under pressure. This could be attributed to lower requirement of staff and rise in resignations as higher wage requests go unfulfilled, the HSBC statement said. On the inflation front, input prices rose at an 11-month low rate, but despite signs of softening they still remain at historically high levels. While decelerating slightly, the readings for input and output priGes suggest that inflation pressures remain firmly in place. Most economists feel the RBI is close to the end of its rate hike cycle. Even the weekly -Wholesale Price Index . (WPI) estimates have started showing signs of softening, having fallen more than one percentage point. How many Companies are included in PMI data from India?