21. Define the following: ) Kohlrausch Iaw of independent migration of ions pecable only for elementary reactions and order is applicable for elementary as well (ū) Fuel cell 22. Why is molecularity applicable only for e as complex reactions? 23. Bring out the following conversions: boul alcohol سے نے

Why molecularity is applicable only for elementary reactions and order is applicable for elementary as well as complex reactions?

Why molecularity is applicable only for elementary reactions and order is applicable for elementary as well as complex reactions?

'Molecularity' applies only to elementary reactions However 'order' applies to both elementary as well as complex reactions. Explain.

Which of the following statements are applicable to a balanced chemical equation of an elementary reaction? (a) Order is same as molecularity (b) Order is less than the molecularity (c) Order is greater than the molecularity (d) Molecularity can never be zero .

Select all incorrect statement(s) from the following with reference to Arrhenius theory A) Unit of pre-exponential factor (A) for second order reaction is mol L^(-1)s^(-1) B) A zero-order reaction must have zero molecularity C) Molecularity is defined only for a complex reaction D) Decay constant (lambda) of radioactive substance is affected by temperature

Read the passage given below and answer the question: Industrially widely applied esterification reactions are commonly catalysed using mineral liquid acids, such as sulphuric acid and p-toluenesulphonic acid. The catalytic activity of homogeneous catalysts is high. They suffer, however, from several drawbacks, such as their corrosive nature, the existence of side reactions, and the fact that the catalyst cannot be easily separated from the reaction mixture. The use of solid acid catalysts offers an alternative and has received a lot of attention in the past years. Solid acid catalysts are not corrosive and, coated onto a support, they can be easily reused. Examples of solid acid catalysts used in esterification reactions include ion-exchange resins, zeolites and superacids like sulphated zirconia and niobium acid. Ion-exchange resins are the most common heterogeneous catalysts used and have proven to be effective in liquid phase esterification and etherification reactions. Because of their selective adsorption of reactants and swelling nature, these resins not only catalyse the esterification reaction but also affect the equilibrium conversion. Shortcomings include insufficient thermal resistance, which limits the reaction temperature to 120^(@)C , preventing widespread use in industry. Zeolites, like Y, X, BEA, ZSM-5 and MCM 41 offer an interesting alternative and have proven to be efficient catalysts for esterification reactions. Zeolites have found wide application in oil refining, petrochemistry and in the production of fine chemicals. Their success is based on the possibility to prepare zeolites with strong Brønsted acidity that can be controlled within a certain range, combined with a good resistance to high reaction temperatures. In this study, the activity of various commercial available solid acid catalysts is assessed with respect to the esterification of acetic acid with butanol. The ion-exchange resins Amberlyst 15 and Smopex-101, the acid zeolites H-ZSM-5, H-MOR, H-BETA and H-USY, and the solid superacids sulphated zirconia and niobium acid are selected. Comparative esterification experiments have been carried out using the homogeneous catalysts sulphuric acid, p toluenesulphuric acid and a heteropolyacid (HPA). The weight-based activity of the heterogeneous catalysts tested is maximum for Smopex 101. The following table gives the activity of different catalysts in the esterification reaction between acetic acid and butanol at 75^(@)C . Here: k_(obs) : observed reaction rate constant ( m^(3) mol^(-1)s^(-1) ) kc catalysed reaction rate constant ( m^(3)mol^(-1) g_(cat)^(-1)s^(-1) ) Please note: k c = k obs/ amount (in g) (source: PETERS, T., BENES, N., HOLMEN, A., & KEURENTJES, J. (2006). Comparison of commercial solid acid catalysts for the esterification of acetic acid with butanol. Applied Catalysis A: General, 297(2), 182-188. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2005.09.00) Catalysts used in oil refining industry are:

Read the passage given below and answer the question: Industrially widely applied esterification reactions are commonly catalysed using mineral liquid acids, such as sulphuric acid and p-toluenesulphonic acid. The catalytic activity of homogeneous catalysts is high. They suffer, however, from several drawbacks, such as their corrosive nature, the existence of side reactions, and the fact that the catalyst cannot be easily separated from the reaction mixture. The use of solid acid catalysts offers an alternative and has received a lot of attention in the past years. Solid acid catalysts are not corrosive and, coated onto a support, they can be easily reused. Examples of solid acid catalysts used in esterification reactions include ion-exchange resins, zeolites and superacids like sulphated zirconia and niobium acid. Ion-exchange resins are the most common heterogeneous catalysts used and have proven to be effective in liquid phase esterification and etherification reactions. Because of their selective adsorption of reactants and swelling nature, these resins not only catalyse the esterification reaction but also affect the equilibrium conversion. Shortcomings include insufficient thermal resistance, which limits the reaction temperature to 120^(@)C , preventing widespread use in industry. Zeolites, like Y, X, BEA, ZSM-5 and MCM 41 offer an interesting alternative and have proven to be efficient catalysts for esterification reactions. Zeolites have found wide application in oil refining, petrochemistry and in the production of fine chemicals. Their success is based on the possibility to prepare zeolites with strong Brønsted acidity that can be controlled within a certain range, combined with a good resistance to high reaction temperatures. In this study, the activity of various commercial available solid acid catalysts is assessed with respect to the esterification of acetic acid with butanol. The ion-exchange resins Amberlyst 15 and Smopex-101, the acid zeolites H-ZSM-5, H-MOR, H-BETA and H-USY, and the solid superacids sulphated zirconia and niobium acid are selected. Comparative esterification experiments have been carried out using the homogeneous catalysts sulphuric acid, p toluenesulphuric acid and a heteropolyacid (HPA). The weight-based activity of the heterogeneous catalysts tested is maximum for Smopex 101. The following table gives the activity of different catalysts in the esterification reaction between acetic acid and butanol at 75^(@)C . Here: k_(obs) : observed reaction rate constant ( m^(3) mol^(-1)s^(-1) ) kc catalysed reaction rate constant ( m^(3)mol^(-1) g_(cat)^(-1)s^(-1) ) Please note: k c = k obs/ amount (in g) (source: PETERS, T., BENES, N., HOLMEN, A., & KEURENTJES, J. (2006). Comparison of commercial solid acid catalysts for the esterification of acetic acid with butanol. Applied Catalysis A: General, 297(2), 182-188. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2005.09.00) The catalytic activity of homogeneous catalysts is high. The weight based activity of HPA is less than which of the following heterogenous catalysts?