Explain the following terms with suitable examples :
(a) Cationic detergents (b) Anionic detergents

Explanation

(1) Cationic detergents : Cationic detergents are quarter nary ammonium salts of amines with chlorides, acetates or bromides as anions. Cations are long chain hydrocarbons and a positive charge on nitrogen atom. They are used as germicides, cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride is used in hair conditioners.
`underset(("n - hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride or cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride"))[[CH_(3)(CH_(2))_(4) - CH_(2) - underset(CH_(3))underset(|)overset(CH_(3))overset(|)(N) - CH_(3)]]`
(2) Anionic detergents : Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain of alcohols or hydrocarbons. They are prepared from long chain of hydrocarbons or alcohols by treating with conc. `H_(2)SO_(4)` and then neutralizing by NaOH. In anionic detergents, the anionic part of molecule helps in the cleansing action.
Example : Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate. Anionic detergent is used in tooth paste and in the household work.

(3) Non -ionic detegrmets : Non-ionic detergents are either monoesters of polyhydic alchols or polyethers dervied form ethylene oxide. They are used for washing vessels :
Exmple : `CH_(3) -(CH_(2))_(10)overset(O)overset(||)(C) - O - CH_(2)-underset("(Polyether)")underset("Pentaerythrityl stearate")underset(CH_(2))underset(|)overset(CH_(2)OH)overset(|)(C) - CH_(2)OH,`
`CH_(3)(CH_(2))_(16)COO-underset("non-ionic detergents")((CH_(2)CH_(2)O-)_(n)) CH_(2)CH_(2)OH`