(a) Define the following terms:
(i) Valency, (ii) Atomic size
(b) How do the valency and the atomic size of the element vary while going from left to right along a period in the modern periodic table?

Explanation

(1) The distance between the centre of the atom and the outermost shell of the atom is called the atomic radius. The size of an atom is indicated by its radius. Atomic radius is expressed in unit picometre (pm). (1 pm = `10^(-12)` m). The size of atoms depends on number of shells, more the numbe of shells larger is the atomic size.
(2) In a group , while going down a group th atomic size goes on increasing , because while going down a group newer shells are successively added. This increases the distance between the outermost electron and the nucles.Hence, the nuclear attraction on these electrons goes on decreasing . Thus in a group atomic size increases.
(3) While going from left to right within a period , atomic radius goes on decreasing and the atomic number goes on increasing one by one. The positive charge on the nucleus increases by one unit at a time. However, the additional electron gets added to the same outermost shell. Due to the increased nucreased nuclear charge the electrons are pulled towards the nucleus to a greater extent, as a result, the size of the atom decreases.