Explain the following terms with suitable examples :
(a) Cationic detergents (b) Anionic detergents

Explanation

Synthetic detergents are classifeid into three types
i) Cationic detergents:These are synthetic deterghents.
a)Cationic detergents are quartenary ammonium salts of amines with acetates,chlorides (or)Bromides as anions.
b)Cationic part posses a long hydrocarbon chain and a positive charge on nitrogen atom.Hence these are called cationic detergents.E.g:Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide `to`It is used in hair conditioners.
`[{:(" "CH_(3)),(" |"),(CH_(3)(CH_(2))_(15)-N-CH_(3)),(" |"),(" "CH_(3)):}]^(+) Br^(-)`
ii)Anionic detergents are sodium of sulphonated long chain alcohol(or)hydrocarbons. b)Anionic detergents are formed by the treatment of long chain alcohol with conc.`H_(2)SO_(4)` followed by the neutralisation with alkali.
E.g:Sodium lauryl sulphate.
`underset("Lauryl alcohol")(CH_(3)(CH_(2))_(10))-CH_(2)-OHoverset(H_(2)SO_(4))to underset("Lauryl hydrogen sulphate")(CH_(3)(CH_(2))_(10)-CH_(2)_(10)-CH_(2)O SO_(3)H)overset("aq. NaOH")to underset(underset(("anionic detergents"))"Sodium lauryl sulphate")(CH_(3)(CH_(2))_(10)-CH_(2)-OSO_(3)-Na^(+)`
`to` these are used for house hold work and in tooth pastes.
iii)Non-ionic detergents:THese are synthetic detergents.
a)Non ionic detergents donot any ion in their constitution .
b) The detergent formed by the reaction of stearic acid with poly ethylene glycol is an example of non ionic detergent.`underset("Stearicacid")(C_(17)H_(35)COOH)underset("Poly ethylene glycol") (+HO(CH_(2)CH_(2)O)_(n)) CH_(2) CH_(2)OHoverset(-H_(2)O)to C_(17)H_(35)COO(CH_(2)CH_(2)O)_(n)CH_(2)CH_(2)CH_(2)OH`
`to`Non-ionic detergents are used in liquid dish washing purpose.