a. Acid halides, anhydrides, esters and amides, all of them contain `(C=O)` group but none of them gives test for `(C=O)` group, i.e., they do not form oximes, hydrazones, and DNP derivatives, etc. Why?
b. Arrange the following in the decreasing order of nucleophilic addition.
i. `(1) -CHO`
`(2) -COCH_(3)`
`(3) -COOH`
`(4) -COCI`
`(5) -CONH_(2)`
`(6)-COOCH_(3)`
`(7)-COO^(Θ)`
ii. `(1) CH_(3)CHO`
`(2) CH_(3)COCH_(3)`
`(3) HCHO`
`(4)CH_(2)H_(5)CH_(2)COCH_(3)`
iii. `(1) CH_(3)COCH_(3)`
`(2)C_(6)H_(5)COCH_(3)`
`(3) C_(6)H_(5)COC_(6)H_(5)`
`(4) C_(6)H_(5)CH_(2)COCH_(3)`
iv. `(1)C_(6)H_(5)CHO`
`(2) rho-CH_(3).C_(6)H_(4).CHO`
`(3)rho-OH.C_(6)H_(4).CHO`
`(4) rho-NO_(2).C_(6)H_(4).CHO`
`(5) rho-CI.C_(6)H_(4).CHO`
v. `(1) HCHO`
`(2) CH_(3)CHO`
`(3) CH_(3)COCH_(3)`
`(4) CI_(3)C CHO`
c. Arrange the following in the increasing order of ease of hydrolysis.
`(1)C CH_(3)COOC_(2)H_(5)`
`(2) CH_(3)COCI`
`(3) (CH_(3)CO)_(2)O`
`(4) CH_(3)CONH_(2)`
d. Arrange the following in the increasing order of ease of acid-catalysed esterification of:
i.
ii. `(1) CH_(3)CH_(2)COOH`
`(2) (CH_(3))_(2)CHCOOH`
`(3) (CH_(3))_(3)C COOH`
iii. `(1) CH_(3)CH_(2)CH_(2)OH`
`(2) CH_(3)CHOHC_(2)H_(5)`
`(3) (CH_(3))_(2)C(OH)C_(2)H_(5)`
e. Arrange the following esters in decresing order of ease of alkaline hydrolysis.
i. `(1) HCOOCH_(3)`
`(2) CH_(3)COOCH_(3)`
`(3) (CH_(3))_(3)C COOCH_(3)`
`(4) (CH_(3))_(2)CHCOOCH_(3)`
ii. `(1) CH_(3)COOCH_(3)`
`(2) CH_(3)COOC(CH_(3))_(3)`
`(3) CH_(3)COOCH(CH_(3))_(2)`
`(4) CH_(3)COOCH_(2)CH_(3)`
iii. `(1) C_(6)H_(5)COOCH_(3)`
`(2) rho-CH_(3)O-C_(6)H_(4)-C COOCH_(3)`
`(3) rho-NO_(2)-C_(6)H_(4)-COOCH_(3)`
`(4) rho-Cl-C_(6)H_(4)-COOCH_(3)`

Explanation

All the compounds do not contain a true `(C=O)` bond as shown by their resonance structures and hence do not give any test of `(C=O)` group.
However, all the acid derivatives react differently (nucleophilic acyl substitution) with ammonia derivatives e.g.,
I. Reaction of acid halide with ammonia derivative:
i.
ii.
iii.
II. Reaction of anhydride with ammonia derivative:
i.
ii.
III. Reaction of esters with ammonia derivative:
i.
ii.
IV. Reaction of amide with ammonia derivative:
i.
ii.
b. i. `1gt2gt4gt6gt5gt3gt7` (Aldehyde gt Ketone gt Acid chloride gt Ester gt Amidegt Acid gt Acid ion)
ii. `3gt1gt2gt4`
iii. `4gt1gt2gt3`
More the `bar(e)-`withdrawing group, faster in the NA. In (4), Ph group is `bar(e)-`withdrawing by `-I` effect (+R cannot occur, since there is no extended conjugation)

iv. `4gt5gt1gt2gt3`
`[rho-N NO_(2)-(-I and -R), rho-C1 (-I) gt "Standard" gt rho-Me (+I and H.C.) gt rho-OH (+R and -I)]`
v. `4gt5gt1gt2gt3 [(C1_(3)C-CHO) (-I "of" 3C1)gtHCHOgtCH_(3)CHOgtCH_(3)COCH_(3)]`
c. `2gt3gt1gt4` (Acid chloride gt Anhydride gt Ester gt Amide)
d. As the size of substituents on the `alpha-`C increases, the tetrahedrally bonded intermediate becomes more crowded. Greater the crowding, slower is the reaction.
i. `1gt2gt3`
ii. `1gt2gt3`
iii. `1gt2gt3`
e. i. `1gt2gt4gt3`
ii. `1gt4gt3gt2`
iii. `3gt4gt1gt2`