Outline the method of drawing input and output characteristics with a neat labelled diagram of an N-P-N transistor in CE configuration.

Explanation

Input characteristics:
i. The voltage across the collector and emitter is maintained constant, say `(V_("CE") ge 5 V)`
ii. The `V_(BB)` is varied and the corresponding `V_("BE") and I_(B) (mu A )` are tabulated.
iii. A graph of `I_(B)` along the y - axis and `V_("BE")` along the x-axis is plotted. this graph is known as input characteristic curve.
iv. The straight line portion with a constant slope is considered to calculate static as well as dynamic inpute resistance.
`r_(i) = ((Delta V_("BE"))/(Delta I_(B)))_(V_("CE")) rarr ` Dynamic resistance and `r_(i) = ((V_("BE"))/(I_(B)))_(V_("CE")) rarr` Static resistance
Output characteristics :
i. The voltage `V_("BB")` is adjusted for a suitable base current (say 10 `mu`A to 60 `mu`A).
ii. The voltage across `V_("CE")` is varied by varying `V_("CC")` and the corresponding collector current `I_(C)` is noted.
iii. The results are tabulated.
iv. A graph of `I_(C)` (mA) along the y-axis and `V_("CE")` (volts ) along the x -axis is plotted.
v. The curve obtained is called output characteristics.
vi. The output resistance `'r_(0)'`is calculated by using the formula `r_(0) = ((Delta V_("CE"))/(Delta I_(C)))_(I_(p))`
Note: the ratio`((Delta I_("C"))/(Delta I_(B)))_(V_("CE"))` is known as current amplification factor `(beta)`