The two additional cranial nerves present in mammals are :

Options

A. Pharyngeal & vagus
B. Spinal accessory and hypoglossal
C. Trigeminal and glossopharyngeal
D. Hypoglossal and sciatic

Answer

To solve the question regarding the two additional cranial nerves present in mammals, we can follow these steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Cranial Nerves**:
- Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, including the brainstem. In mammals, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

2. **Identifying the Options**:
- The question provides four options for the two additional cranial nerves in mammals. We need to analyze each option.

3. **Evaluating Option 1 (Pharyngeal and Phagus)**:
- The pharyngeal nerve is not considered an additional cranial nerve in mammals. The vagus nerve (which is related to the phagus) is present in many vertebrates, but it is not an additional cranial nerve exclusive to mammals. Thus, this option is incorrect.

4. **Evaluating Option 2 (Spinal Accessory and Hypoglossal)**:
- The spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) and the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) are indeed considered additional cranial nerves in mammals. The spinal accessory nerve is involved in controlling neck and shoulder movements, while the hypoglossal nerve controls tongue movements. This option is correct.

5. **Evaluating Option 3 (Trigeminal and Glossopharyngeal)**:
- The trigeminal nerve (CN V) is responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is involved in taste and swallowing. Neither of these nerves are additional cranial nerves in mammals, making this option incorrect.

6. **Evaluating Option 4 (Hypoglossal and Square Tick)**:
- The hypoglossal nerve is correctly identified, but "Square Tick" does not correspond to any known cranial nerve. Therefore, this option is also incorrect.

7. **Conclusion**:
- After evaluating all options, we conclude that the correct answer is **Option 2: Spinal Accessory and Hypoglossal**.

### Final Answer:
The two additional cranial nerves present in mammals are the **Spinal Accessory** and **Hypoglossal** nerves.