Which of the following is not included in "Evil Quartet", with respect to the cause of biodiversity loss?

Options

A. Co - evolution
B. Over - exploitation
C. Alien species invasion
D. Habitat loss and fragmentation

Answer

To solve the question regarding which of the following is not included in the "Evil Quartet" concerning the causes of biodiversity loss, we will analyze the options provided and identify the correct answer step by step.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understand the "Evil Quartet":**
The term "Evil Quartet" refers to four major factors that contribute to biodiversity loss. These factors are:
- Alien species invasion
- Over-exploitation
- Habitat loss and fragmentation
- Co-extinction

2. **Analyze the Options:**
The options given in the question are:
- Co-evolution
- Over-exploitation
- Alien species invasion
- Habitat loss and fragmentation

3. **Identify Each Option:**
- **Co-evolution:** This refers to the process where two or more species influence each other's evolutionary trajectory. It is not a direct cause of biodiversity loss.
- **Over-exploitation:** This is the excessive use of resources, leading to depletion and loss of species.
- **Alien species invasion:** This involves introducing non-native species that disrupt local ecosystems and outcompete native species.
- **Habitat loss and fragmentation:** This refers to the destruction of natural habitats, leading to a decline in species populations.

4. **Determine Which is Not Part of the Evil Quartet:**
From our analysis, we see that:
- Co-evolution is not mentioned as a cause of biodiversity loss in the context of the Evil Quartet.
- The other three options (over-exploitation, alien species invasion, and habitat loss and fragmentation) are all included in the Evil Quartet.

5. **Conclusion:**
Therefore, the option that is not included in the "Evil Quartet" is **Co-evolution**.

### Final Answer:
**Co-evolution**