Discuss the process of translation in detail.

Explanation

There are three-stages of protein synthesis
(i) Initiation
Assembly of Ribosomes on mRNA In prokaryotes, initiation requiress the large and small ribosome subunits, the mRNA, initiation tRNA and three initiation Factors (Ifs).
Activation of Amino Acid Amino acids become activated by binding with aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzyme in the presence of ATP.
`"Amino acid (AA)+ATP"underset("synthetases")overset("Aminoacy t RNA")to"AA-AMP-Enzyme complex" + P_i"`
Transfer of Amino Acid to tRNA The AA-AMP-enzyme complex formed reacts with specific tRNA to form aminoacy tRNA complex.
AA-AMP-Enzyme complex + tRNA`to `AAtRNA+AMP+Enzyme.
The cap region of mRNA binds to the smaller subunit of ribosome.
The robosome has two sites, A-site and P-site.
The smaller subunit first te initiator tRNA then binds to the larger subunit so, that initiation codon (AUG) lies on the P-Site .
The Initiation tRNA, i.e., methionyl tRNA then binds to the P-Site.
(ii) Elongation
Another charged aminoacy tRNA complex binds to the A-site of the ribosome. Peptide bond formation and movement along the mRNA called translocation. A peptide bond is formed between carboxyl group (-COOH) of amino acid at P-site and amino group (-NH) of amino acid at A-site by the enzyme peptidyl transferase . The ribosome slides over mRNA from codon to codon in the 5'`to`3' direction.
According to the sequence of codon, amino acids are attached to one another by amino acid are attached to one another by peptide bonds and a polypepptide chain is formed.
(iii) Termination
When the A-site of ribosome reaches a termination codon which does not code for anty amino acid, no charged tRNA binds to the A-site .
Dissociation of polypeptide from ribosome takes place which is catalysed by a 'release factor .
There are three termination codons, i.e., UGA, UAG and UAA.