How many from the list given below represent the example of primary succession ?
a) Abandoned farmlands ,
b) burned or cut-forest,
c) newly cooled lava,
d) lands that have been flooded,
e) bare rock,
f) a newly created pond.

Options

A. Six
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five

Answer

To determine how many examples from the given list represent primary succession, we need to analyze each option based on the definition of primary succession. Primary succession occurs in environments that are initially devoid of vegetation and soil, such as areas created by volcanic eruptions, glacial retreats, or bare rock.

Let’s evaluate each option step by step:

1. **Abandoned Farmlands (a)**:
- This is an example of secondary succession. The land was previously colonized and is now disturbed. Therefore, this option does not represent primary succession.

2. **Burned or Cut Forest (b)**:
- Similar to abandoned farmlands, this is also an example of secondary succession. The forest was previously established and is now recovering from disturbance. Thus, this option is not an example of primary succession.

3. **Newly Cooled Lava (c)**:
- This is an example of primary succession. Newly cooled lava is a barren substrate that has no soil or vegetation, making it a classic case of primary succession as organisms must start colonizing from scratch.

4. **Lands that have been Flooded (d)**:
- Flooded lands can often still have some remnants of previous vegetation and soil. Therefore, this is typically considered an example of secondary succession, not primary succession.

5. **Bare Rock (e)**:
- Bare rock is another classic example of primary succession. It is devoid of soil and vegetation, requiring the establishment of life from the very beginning.

6. **A Newly Created Pond (f)**:
- A newly created pond can also be considered an example of primary succession. It starts as a barren area that can eventually develop into a thriving ecosystem.

Now, let's summarize the findings:
- **Examples of Primary Succession**: Newly cooled lava (c), bare rock (e), and a newly created pond (f).
- **Total examples of primary succession**: 3

**Final Answer**: 3 examples represent primary succession from the given list.

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