Which one of used in the production of insulin by genetic engineering ?

Options

A. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
B. Escherichia coli
C. Agrobacterium tumefactions
D. Both ( A) and ( B)

Answer

To solve the question "Which one is used in the production of insulin by genetic engineering?", we can follow these steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understand Insulin**:
- Insulin is a protein hormone secreted by the pancreas, specifically by the islets of Langerhans. It plays a crucial role in regulating glucose levels in the blood.

2. **Genetic Engineering Overview**:
- Genetic engineering involves manipulating the genetic material of an organism to produce desired traits or products. In the case of insulin production, the gene responsible for insulin synthesis is isolated.

3. **Isolate the Insulin Gene**:
- The first step in producing insulin through genetic engineering is to isolate the gene that codes for human insulin from human cells.

4. **Use of Plasmids**:
- Plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria. They can be used as vectors to introduce the insulin gene into a bacterial cell.

5. **Create Recombinant Plasmid**:
- The isolated insulin gene is inserted into a plasmid to create a recombinant plasmid. This recombinant plasmid contains both the plasmid DNA and the human insulin gene.

6. **Transformation of Bacteria**:
- The recombinant plasmid is then introduced into a bacterial cell (commonly E. coli). This process is known as transformation, where the bacteria take up the plasmid.

7. **Production of Insulin**:
- Once transformed, the E. coli bacteria can replicate and produce insulin, as they now contain the genetic instructions to synthesize the hormone.

8. **Identify the Correct Organism**:
- Among the options provided (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, E. coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens), E. coli is the organism that is commonly used in the production of insulin through genetic engineering.

### Conclusion:
The correct answer to the question is **E. coli**.

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