Which state has minimum randomness?

Options

A. Steam
B. Liquid water
C. Crystal 'ice
D. All have same randomness

Answer

To determine which state of matter has the minimum randomness, we will analyze the three primary states: solid, liquid, and gas, with a focus on their entropy levels.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Entropy**:
- Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity that measures the degree of randomness or disorder in a system. The higher the entropy, the greater the randomness.

2. **States of Matter**:
- There are three main states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Each state has different characteristics regarding molecular arrangement and movement.

3. **Characteristics of Solids**:
- In solids, the intermolecular forces are very strong, which keeps the molecules tightly packed in a fixed, orderly arrangement. This results in very low randomness or disorder.
- **Entropy of solids**: Low

4. **Characteristics of Liquids**:
- In liquids, the intermolecular forces are weaker than in solids, allowing the molecules to move more freely. This results in a moderate level of randomness compared to solids.
- **Entropy of liquids**: Moderate

5. **Characteristics of Gases**:
- In gases, the intermolecular forces are negligible, and the molecules are far apart and move freely in all directions. This leads to a high level of randomness.
- **Entropy of gases**: High

6. **Conclusion**:
- Among the three states of matter, solids have the least randomness due to their tightly packed structure and low entropy. Therefore, the state with minimum randomness is the solid state.

### Final Answer:
The state with minimum randomness is the **solid state**.